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Alimentary System > Gastric motility and pancreatic function > Flashcards

Gastric motility and pancreatic function Flashcards

1
Q

What is a peristaltic wave?

A

Its when smooth muscle tissue contracts in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave, which the bolus along the tract

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2
Q

How does a peristaltic wave travel?

A

It goes down the oesophagus down to the antrum

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3
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

It is involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelikecontractions

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4
Q

Gastric motility in the body of stomach

A

Thin muscle > weak contraction > no mixing

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5
Q

Gastric motility in antrum of stomach

A

Thick muscle > powerful contraction >

a) mixing
b) Contraction of pyloric sphincter > only small quantity of gastric content (chyme) entering duodenum > Further mixing as antral contents forced back towards body

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6
Q

What produces gastric peristaltic waves?

A

Peristaltic rhythm (3/min) generated by pacemaker cells (longitudinal muscle layer)

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7
Q

How do slow waves affect peristaltic waves?

A

Slow waves cause spontaneous depolarisation/repolarisation

Slow wave rhythm = basic electrical rhythm (BER)

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8
Q

How are slow waves conducted?

A

They are conducted through gap junctions along longitudinal muscle layer

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9
Q

Do depolarisations cause contractions?

A

No :(

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10
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth

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11
Q

How does gastrin affect contraction?

A

It increases contraction

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12
Q

How does fat/acid/amino acid/hypertonicity in duodenum affect motility?

A

It causes inhibition of motility

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13
Q

What is used to neutralise acid in the duodenum?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion from Brunner’s gland duct cells (submucosal glands)

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14
Q

What does acid in duodenum trigger?

A

a) Long (vagal) & short (ENS) reflexes > HCO3 secretion

b) Release of secretin from S cells > HCO3 secretion

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15
Q

What does secretin do?

A

It causes HCO3 secretion from pancreas & liver

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16
Q

What does achieving acid neutralisation do to secretin release?

A

It inhibits secretin release (negative feedback control)

17
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the pancreas?

A

Head (located within curvature of duodenum)

Body

Tail (extends to spleen)

18
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas composed of?

A

Endocrine portion > pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

19
Q

What do pancreatic islet cells produce?

A

Insulin

Glucagon (control [bood glucose])

Somatostatin (controls secretion of insulin and glucagon)

20
Q

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas composed of?

A

Exocrine portion > acinar cells > lobules

21
Q

What are lobules of the pancreas connected by?

A

Lobules connected by intercalated ducts > intralobular ducts > interloular ducts > main pancreatic duct > common bile duct > hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi) > duodenum

Also accessory pancreatic duct > duodenum

22
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi responsible for?

A

It controls delivery of pancreatic juice and bile into duodenum

23
Q

What is another name for sphincter of Oddi?

A

Major duodenum papilla

24
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas responsible for?

A

Digestive function of pancreas

25
Q

Anatomical structure of exocrine pancreas

A

Acini > Ducts > Pancreatic duct

26
Q

Functions of the exocrine pancreas

A

Secretion of bicarbonate by duct cells

Secretion of digestive enzymes by acinar cells

27
Q

What is a Zymogen

A

An inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme

28
Q

What do acinar cells contain?

A

They contain digestive enzymes stores as inactive zymogen granules

  • Prevents autodigestion of pancreas
29
Q

What is the action of Enterokinase?

A

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin

  • Enterokinase is bound to brush border of duodenal enterocytes
30
Q

What converts all other zymogens (except trypsinogen) to active forms?

A

Trypsin

  • Trypsin once activated can cleave all other trypsinogens
31
Q

What are different categories of pancreatic enzymes?

A

Proteases

Nucleases

Elastases

Phospholipases

Lipases

a-Amylase

32
Q

What is released in response to acid in duodenum?

A

Secretin

33
Q

What is stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Zymogen secretion

34
Q

What is released in response to fat/amino acids in duodenum?

A

CCK

Alimentary System (8 decks)

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