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Intro to Anesthesia > Gas Laws > Flashcards

Gas Laws Flashcards

1
Q

Henry’s Law

A
  • the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
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2
Q

Application of Henry’s Law

A
  • Using the partial pressure of O2 or CO2 to find out how much O2 and CO2 is dissolved in blood.
  • multiple the PaO2 and PaCO2 by the coefficient to find Solubility
  • increasing FiO2
  • over-pressuring the vaporizer
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3
Q

Solubility coefficient for oxygen

A

0.003

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4
Q

Solubility coefficient of CO2

A

0.067

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5
Q

Graham’s Law

A
  • The rate a molecule diffuses at is inversely related the square root of its molecular weight
  • smaller molecules diffuse faster
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6
Q

Application of Graham’s Law

A

-Nitrous oxide diffusing into air filled cavities
(nitrous diffusing into endotracheal tube cuffs)
-apneic oxygenation
(The continual diffusion of oxygen in the blood strictly from concentration gradient from the ventilator circuit into the alveoli)

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7
Q

Fick’s Law

A
  • The rate of diffusion of a gas across a semipermeable tissue is related to :
    1) partial pressure of the gas (directly related)
    2) the membrane solubility of the gas (directly related)
    3) the area of the membrane (directly related)
    4) membrane thickness (indirectly related)
    5) molecular weight (indirectly related)
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8
Q

Application of Fick’s Law

A

-2nd gas effect of nitrous oxide

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9
Q

Pressure Equivalents

A

1atm = 1bar = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 14.7 psi = 1020 cm H2O = 100KpA

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10
Q

Boyles Law

A

P1 * V1 = P2 * V2

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11
Q

Example of Boyle’s Law

A
  • ventilating with reservoir bag
  • spontaneous breathing
  • bellows on vent
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12
Q

Charles Law

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

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13
Q

Application of Charles Law

A

-

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14
Q

Guy Lussac’s Law

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

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15
Q

Application of Guy Lussac’s Law

A

-Gas leaving the E-cylinder creates a frost on the outside of it

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16
Q

Universal gas law

A

PV = nRT

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17
Q

Application of Universal Gas Law

A
  • as an e-cylinder of a tank empties, the pressure decreases
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18
Q

Avogadro #

A

6.02 E23

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19
Q

1 mole of any substance occupies how much space in L

A

22.4L

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20
Q

Avogadro’s Law

A

V1/n1 = V2/n2

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21
Q

Application of Avogadro’s Law

A
  • vaporizer calibration
    Ex: molecular weight of sevoflurane is 200g. 200g = 1mole of sevo. That would take up 22.4L due to ideal gas law. If we put 20g of sevo in the vaporizer how much space would it take up?

20g/1 * 1mole/200g * 22.4L/1mole = 2.24L

22
Q

Dalton’s Partial Pressure Law

A

-the total pressure of a gas mixture of the sum of the partial pressures of each gas component

23
Q

Application of Daltons Law

A
  • If air is 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen what is the Partial pressure of nitrogen at 1 atm?

760mmHg * .79 = 600.4mmHg

24
Q

Critical Temperature

A
  • if the ambient temperature is above the critical temperature, no amount of pressure could liquify said gas
25
Q

Critical temperature of oxygen

A

-119 degrees Celsius

26
Q

Critical temp of nitrous oxide

A

39.5 degrees Celsius

27
Q

Room temp

A

~20 degrees Celsius

28
Q

ADIABATIC cooling

A
  • change in temperature of matter without gaining or losing heat (energy)
  • N2O cylinder cracked and open fully, frost forms on cylinder opening
29
Q

Joule Thompson Effect

A
  • the expansion of gas causes cooling
30
Q

Application of the Joule Thompson Effect

A

-as gas leave the cylinder, the expansion cools the surrounding area, causing condensation of moisture on the cylinder

31
Q

Pouseuille’s Law

A 
- Flow is related to:
Pressure gradient across length of tube (direct)
Radius4 (direct)
Length (indirect)
Viscosity (indirect)
32
Q

Application of Pousielle’s Law

A
  • IV flow
  • airway (inflammation of the cricoid)
  • laminar flow in a blood vessel
  • Thorpe Tubes at low flow
33
Q

When flow is laminar what determines flow?

34
Q

What flow is turbulent what determines flow?

A
  • density

- ex: heliox in narrow airways

35
Q

Reynolds number >2000 means?

A

Turbulent flow

36
Q

How can you change flow from laminar to turbulent?

A

-bend in tube

37
Q

Bournoulli’s Theorem

A
  • relates how pressure and velocity interact
  • narrow diameter = decreased lateral wall pressure = increased speed
  • wider diameter = increased lateral wall pressure = decreased speed
38
Q

Venturi Effect

A
  • as the diameter of the tube decreases, velocity increases, as velocity increases, the pressure surrounding the flow DROPS
39
Q

Applications of Bernoulli and Venturi

A
  • nebulizers

- jet ventilation

40
Q

Beers Law

A
  • the absorption of a gas is determined by the:
    Absorption rate of the gas (direct)
    Concentration of the gas (direct)
    Thickness (inverse)
41
Q

Application of Beers Law

42
Q

Law of LaPlace

A
  • tension is related to
    pressure (direct)
    radius (indirect)
43
Q

Application of LaPlace Law

A
  • alveoli

- aneurysm

44
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

Resistence = potential / current

Voltage = current / resistance

45
Q

Application of Ohm Law

A

-transducers

46
Q

2% lidocaine = ? mg/mL

47
Q

1% lidocaine = ? mg/mL

48
Q

7.5% bupivicaine = ? mg/mL

49
Q

1:100,000 Epinephrine = ? mcg/mL

50
Q

1:1000 neostigmine = ? mg/mL

51
Q

1:10,000 Epinephrine = ? mcg/mL

Intro to Anesthesia (15 decks)

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