Gas Exchange In Mammals Flashcards
What muscles is ventilation controlled by?
-Diaphragm
-Internal intercostal muscles.
-External intercostal muscles.
What is the process of inspiration?
-External intercostal muscles cove ribs upwards are outwards by contracting.
-Internal intercostal muscles relax.
-Diaphragm flattens and contracts.
What is the process of expiration?
-Diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
-Internal intercostal muscles contract so ribs move down and in.
-External intercostal muscles relax.
What is Boyles law?
The volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure when temperature is constant.
What is the process of breathing in involving pressure and volume?
IN- when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases the volume of the lungs increases and pressure decreases (lower than atmospheric pressure) so air rushes into the lungs down a pressure gradient.
What is the process of breathing out involving pressure and volume?
When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, lung volume will decrease and pressure increases (higher than atmospheric pressure) so air is forced out of the lungs down a pressure gradient.
What is forced expiration?
-Active process to exhale more carbon dioxide.
-Abdominal muscles contract so pushes diaphragm upwards.
How is the alveoli adapted for respiration?
-Only one cell thick(two cells thick with capillaries) so short diffusion pathway.
-Folded shape for large surface area.
-Constant blood supply maintain a large concentration graidient.
What are goblet cells?
Type of specialised cells with ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea and produce mucus to trap dirt, dust and pathogens.
How can goblet cells influence gas exchange?
-If there is too much it can stick to the alveoli and slow the rate of diffusion.
-If too little dirt and pathogens can get to the gas exchange site and cause an illness.
How are goblet cells adapted?
-Large and wide endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body for lipid and protein production.
-Lots of mitochondria for ATP for protein synthesis and vesical movement.
-Many ribosomes for protein synthesis
What is a spirometer?
Used to measure the rate of ventilation but it cannot be used for very long as it is sealed.
What is tidal volume (TR)?
The volume of air in each breath.
What is pulmonary ventilation rate (PVR)?
The volume of air exchanged by the lungs per minute.
What is ventilation rate(VR)?
The number of breathes per minute.
