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Biology 109 Test #3 > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of a respiratory medium (air, water, etc..) over a respiratory surface.

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2
Q

What are the three requirements for a respiratory to properly function?

A
  1. Moist
  2. Thin
  3. High surface area
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3
Q

What two types of respiratory surfaces were desribed in class?

A
  1. A dense network of capillaries beneath the skin (cutaneous respiration): used by earthworms and amphibians
  2. Highly folded body surfaces (gills, trachea, lungs): used by most other animals
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4
Q

How much lower vs air is the oxygen content of water? What does this mean for aquatic animals?

A

40x lower

Aquatic animals must be very efficient in gas exchange.

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5
Q

What are the two ways a fish can ventilate its respiratory surface?

A
  1. Swimming with its mouth open
  2. Coordinated movements of the mouth and operculum (gill covers).
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6
Q

What mechanism is used to extract O2 from water? What percentage of O2 is extracted from water by gills? What is the pressure gradient that gas flows in?

A

Countercurrent exchange - see reference picture

About 80% of water

High pressure to low pressure.

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7
Q

What are lamella in fish?

A

These are flattened plates full of capillaries in the gills that water runs by and O2 is extracted.

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8
Q

What are the 4 structures in the tracheal system of an insect?

A

Spiracles - external openings

Tracheae - tubes that connect to spiracles

Tracheoles - smaller, branched tubes that deliver air directly to body cells

Air sacs - enlarged portions of the trachaea that are found near organs that require a lot of O2

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9
Q

How do mammalian lungs differ from the insects tracheal system?

A

Lungs are a localized respiratory organ while the tracheal systems run throughout the insects entire body.

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10
Q

Are the lungs an in-folding of a body surface?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the trachea of a mammal reinforced by? Why?

A

Cartilagenous rings

To keep the airway open

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12
Q

How do we produce sound?

A

Air is exhaled and elastic muscles of the larynx vibrate to allow sound to be produced.

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13
Q

Why do epithelial cells lining the air ducts have cilia and mucus?

A

Mucus traps dust, debris, and bacteria

Cilia beat to move the mucus up the the pharynx where it can be swallowed or coughed out.

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14
Q

What are at the end of bronchioles?

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

How many alveoli do humans have?

A

millions, amount to 50x the surface area of the skin

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16
Q

How thick are alveoli? What are they surrounded by?

A

1-cell thick

Surrounded by capillaries

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17
Q

What are alveolar epithelial cells covered by? What is its purpose?

A

Surfactant - to prevent the alveoli from collapsing

18
Q

What is the definition of breathing?

A

The alternating of inhalation and exhalation of air.

19
Q

What is the difference between how amphibians breath, how birds breath, and how mammals breath?

A

Amphibians - positive pressure breathing

Birds - Negative pressure, but anterior and posterior sacs act as bellows to keep air flowing through lungs

Mammals - negative pressure breathing

20
Q

Describe negative pressure breathing of birds.

A
  1. Air is inhaled and fills posterior air sac upon first inhalation.
  2. First exhalation pushes air into lungs.
  3. Second inhalation air passes through lungs and fills anterior air sacs
  4. second exhalation anterior sacs contract and push air out of the body.

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SACS ACT AS BELLOWS TO KEEP AIR FLOWING

21
Q

Describe positive pressure breathing, or how amphibians breath.

A

Air is pushed into the lungs

Air is drawn in through norstril and mouth

mouth closes and oral cavity rises and pushes air into the trachea

elastic recoil pushes air out of the lungs.

22
Q

Describe negative pressure breathing of mammals.

A

Air is pulled into the lungs

Inhalation - ribs and diaphragm contract and rib cage expands moving the thoracic cavity down, this lowers pressure in thoracic cavity relative to the atmosphere so air rushes into the cavity

Exhalation - rib and diaphragm relax and air is forced out of lungs.

23
Q

What is the pressure gradient of air? What is boyles law?

A

Air flows from high to low pressure

Boyles law: there is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume.

24
Q

So when a mammal inhales the thoracic cavity volume increases, according to boyles law the pressure in the thoracic cavity then will?

A

Decrease, allowing air to flow in.

25
Q

When a mammal exhales the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, so the pressure?

A

The pressure increases in the thoracic cavity and the air is forced out.

26
Q

What is tidal volume? Vital capacity? Residual volume? What happens to residual volume as we age?

A

Tidal volume - volume of air breathed in in one breath (about 500ml)

Vital capacity - the maximal tidal volume

Residual volume - air that remains in lungs after forced exhalation.

Residual volume increases as we age due to decreased pulmonary function.

27
Q

What is the relationship of RV to TV and VC?

A

As residual volume increases, tidal volume and vital capacity decrease

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP

28
Q

What part of the brain regulates breathing?

A

medulla oblongata (BCC, breathing control center)

29
Q

Look at this picture and understand pH control via the medulla oblongata.

A

DO IT.

30
Q

What is the definition of partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.

31
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760mmHg

32
Q

What percentage of the atmosphere is composed of O2?

A

21%

33
Q

Sine we know the pressure of the atmosphere and we know the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

160mmHg

760mmHg x 0.21 = 160

34
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere?

A

0.29 mmHg

35
Q

Look at this picture and understand how the differences in partial pressure allow for gas exchange in different parts of the body.

A

DO IT. Refer to steps in the book as well.

36
Q

What is the purpose of respiratory pigments?

A

These circulate with the blood or hemolymph the oncrease the amount of O2 carried in the circulatory fluid.

37
Q

What is the difference between hemocyanin and hemoglobin?

A

Hemocyanin - uses copper to bind and carry O2, blood will be blue consequently. This is found in arthropods and mulloscs.

Hemoglobin - four subunits each with a heme group, each containing an iron atom at its center that can bind one molecule of O2. MAX OF 4 O2 MOLECULES CARRIED

38
Q

Be able to interpret this graph that shows the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

A

DO IT.

39
Q

What happens when one molecule is bound to hemoglobin? What about when one is released?

A

One binds - it encourages O2 to bind to other groups

One releases - it encourages the rest to release

40
Q

What is a Bohr shift? What is its significance?

A

This occurs with a low pH.

decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.

Important becasue this shows that where CO2 production is greater, hemoglobin will release more O2 in support of cellular respiration.

Biology 109 Test #3 (5 decks)

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