Gas exchange Flashcards
What is respiration?
It is a chemical reaction that breaks down nutrients in living cells to release energy
How to test for carbon dioxide
You use limewater and if it goes cloudy, carbon dioxide is present
What is the word formula for aerobic respiration?
glucose+oxygen-> carbon dioxide+ water+ energy (form in ATP which helps you do everything)
Does alveoli have a big or small surface area?
It has a large surface area of 70m2.
What are the parts of the lungs in order
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
What does the diaphragm do?
The diaphragm moves down when you inhale and moves up when you exhale. It beats in sync but when it goes out of sync you get hiccups. It also separates the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) from the abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines)
What does the trachea do?
It is a tube that carries air from the mouth and nose into the bronchi
What do the bronchus do?
Send air to the bronchioles
What happens in the alveoli?
Surrounding the alveoli are capillaries. The deoxygenated blood flows by the alveoli and the carbon dioxide is diffused into the alveoli and is exhaled as the diaphragm relaxes and pushes the air out. The oxygen from the alveoli (travels in when we inhale) is diffused into the deoxygenated blood cells to make them oxygenated. This blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium and is pumped around the body
What does the bronchioles do?
Deliver air to alveoli
What are C rings?
They are rings made of cartilage found in the trachea that expand to receive more air and without them, the trachea would collapse. It is short for cartilaginous rings
What are muscles called in between the ribs called
Intercostal muscles. They help move the ribs during respiration.
What do animal cells absorb though diffusion?
Oxygen
What part of the cell does carbon dioxide have to pass through in a plant cell
Cell membrane
All parts of a plant cell
Nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, chloroplasts and the permanent vacuole
What are the types of respiration called
Aerobic and anaerobic
What is the word formula for anaerobic respiration in animals
glucose -> lactic acid+ energy
What is fermentation
When bacteria or yeast break down glucose anaerobically. In yeast, ethanol and carbon dioxide is also produced.
What part of the cell does anaerobic respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
Why is it important that barley has sugar in beer making?
Barley has glucose. Glucose is the food for the yeast which produces the ethanol.
What happens during inhalation
Your rib cage moves up and out and your intercostal muscles contract. The diaphragm moves down/ contracts to reduce pressure and increase the volume of air taken in.
What is the area of your body called between your neck and abdomen
Thorax
Why is carbon dioxide present in the body?
It is a byproduct of aerobic respiration and is later exhaled.
3 ways how lungs are adapted.
The trachea has C rings, alveoli has a large surface area and the alveoli walls are one cell thick great for gases to easily pass through
Name 3 lung diseases
Tuberculosis, asthma and pleurisy
Name 3 common causes of lung disease
Smoking, obesity and viruses
How can you measure lung volume?
A person will breathe into a tube and a spirometer graph is plotted
What is the term for a fuel that comes from recent living organisms
Biofuel
What happens to Usain Bolt in a sprint?
He runs quickly but does not have enough time to breathe air so he respires anaerobically. After he finishes the race, he tries to take in as much oxygen to neutralise the lactic acid (build up causes pain) produced as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration.
Describe the ratio of stomata on the upper and lower side of a leaf
There are often zero stomata on the upper sides and over hundreds on the lower side
Why is there more stomata on the lower side than the upper side of a leaf?
The upper side has a waxy layer to keep the water in and protect it from the sun. If it had stomata on the upper side as well, water would evaporate quickly and dehydrate the plant.
Word formula of fermentation
Glucose -> ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is the chemical formula of photosynthesis?
6CO2+ 6H2O-> C6H12O6+ 6O2. The arrow demonstrates the energy from sunlight.
If a graph line goes up and across straight what is it called?
Measuring rate is going up but a constant rate is going across straight.
What is starch?
A large chain of glucose molecules
Is there starch in leaves?
Leaves store starch for night time where there is no light for photosynthesis
What is the scientific name for movement of air in and out of the lungs?
ventilation
What are limitations of the bell jar model.
The sides of the jar do not move up and out and down and in like the rib cage actually does. The diaphragm also goes flat during exhalation in the model but in real life it is dome shaped.
What do aerobic and anaerobic mean?
Aerobic means with oxygen. Anaerobic means without oxygen.
If I wanted to observe fermentation what would a layer of oil do above a yeast solution and why
It would stop oxygen getting in to allow ethanol as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration
Where does anaerobic respiration take place in
Cytoplasm
What do enzymes do in yeast and when are they denatured.
Enzymes in yeast break down the glucose and if the yeast goes above 50 degrees Celsius they die/ denature. If enzymes are below 30 degrees Celsius they do not work as well.
Where in the cell is energy released
Mitochondria
Name the 4 parts of a cell
Nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm and cell membrane
What is glucose
Glucose is digested carbohydrate and it is an important substance that contains stored chemical energy
What is a nucleus
It controls the cells activity
What is a cell membrane
It controls what goes in and out of the cell
What is a cytoplasm
It fills the cell where the chemical reactions take place. It is controlled by enzymes
What is a mitochondria
It contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration, which releases energy. It turns glucose and oxygen into energy
What does the epiglottis do
It prevents food from entering the windpipe.
Adaptions of alveoli
Moist thin walls (one cell thick), give lungs big surface area and have tiny blood vessels called capillaries
What is fertiliser
Chemicals containing minerals that plants need to grow
What does the energy made from respiration do
Keep us warm, helps us move and allows muscles to contact
How is energy from respiration stored if it’s not used
It’s stored as glycogen in muscles and liver
If no more glycogen is needed what is it stored as
Body fat
What is oxygen debt
After anaerobic respiration, the body doesn’t have enough oxygen to break down the lactic acid so it is in need of more them usual
What happens during exhalation
The intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs in and down. The diaphragm relaxes and move sup and the pressure increases heavyset the chest cavity volume decreased
What is the recovery time
The time taken for the pulse rays to return to normal/ resting rate
Why do we respire anaerobically
During exercise our body needs more energy but anaerobic respiration is too slow for the demand of energy so we switch to anaerobic respiration which produces less energy quicker (2 ATP per glucose)
Why do we get a stitch when we run
The diaphragm works harder to help you breathe, and if it’s not getting enough oxygen or is overused, it can cramp, causing a stitch.
What is photosynthesis
A chemical reaction that uses light energy to make chemical energy (make their own food)
What do you call organisms that make their own food
Autotroph
What do you call organisms that cannot make their own food
Heterotrophs
What is stomata
Tiny pores found at the bottom of leaves
How does stomata control the exchange of gas
They are surrounded by guard cells which swell to close to stomata or reduce in size to open it
What is a palisade cell
A palisade cell is a plant cell found in the upper part of a leaf, specialized for photosynthesis.
What are adaptions of a palisade cell
There are lots of chloroplasts to absorb sunlight and tall and packed closely to absorb more light. They are also found near the top of the leaf to get the most light
Where does photosynthesis occur in a leaf
Palisade cells
Stages of photosynthesis in a palisade cell
- Water is absorbed by the roots from the soil and travels through the xylem tubes in the stem
- Carbon dioxide enters through the stomata
- Sunlight gives the plant energy
- The chlorophyll traps the sunlight to use its energy to photosynthesise
What is the function of a leaf
The main function of a leaf is to carry out photosynthesis, so the plant can make its own food (glucose).
How are leaves suited for photosynthesis
They are flat, having a large surface area to absorb sunlight. There are veins in the leaves to transport water and sugar. Thats is a waxy layer to stop water being lost. The stomata has guard cells
Why do farmers add fertiliser to soil every year?
Farmers add fertiliser because crops take nutrients like nitrates, phosphates, magnesium and potassium from the soil as they grow. Over time, the soil becomes depleted, and plants can’t grow well. Plants normally return minerals when the die but when the crops are removed, the minerals aren’t returned. Fertilisers replace these nutrients, helping plants grow stronger, make proteins, develop good roots, and produce more flowers and fruit. This keeps the soil healthy and ensures high crop yields year after year.
What do nitrates do to a leaf, what happens without it, and what is a treatment
Nitrates are needed to make proteins, which help the plant grow, especially new leaves. Without nitrates, the plant can’t make enough proteins, so the leaves become yellow and the plant shows stunted growth. A treatment would be a fertiliser with nitrates
What do phosphates do for a plant, what happens without them, and what is a treatment?
Phosphates help with making DNA and are important for root growth and energy transfer. Without them, the plant has poor root development and older leaves may turn purple. A treatment would be fertiliser with phosphorus
What does potassium do for a plant, what happens without it, and what is a treatment ?
Potassium helps with flower and fruit development and supports healthy leaf function. Without it, plants may have poor fruit or flower growth and leaves may turn yellow with dead spots. A treatment would be a fertiliser with potassium
What does magnesium do for a plant, what happens without it, and what is a treatment ?
Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll, the green pigment used in photosynthesis. Without it, leaves can’t make enough food and turn yellow between the veins—a condition called chlorosis. A treatment would be a fertiliser with magnesium
What is anaerobic respiration (non formula explanation)
It releases energy from the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid in animals or ethanol and CO2 in plants/ microorganisms
What is aerobic respiration (non formula)
Breaking down glucose with oxygen to release energy to produce CO2 and H2O
What is algae
Green uni-cellular or multi-cellular organisms that perform photosynthesis and live underwater
What is alveolus
The singular form of alveoli
What is asthma
A lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties
What is the word anaerobic respiration formula for plants/ microorganisms
glucose-> ethanol+co2+ energy
What is iodine
The indicator used to test the presence of starch. If it turns black, starch is present. If it turns orange, starch isn’t present.
How is alcohol made
Yeast is added to a sugary liquid (glucose) in a fermentation vessel. This prevents oxygen getting in and allows some carbon dioxide to leave to prevent pressure building up. Since there is no oxygen, the yeast will respire anaerobically with ethanol and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. This process is called fermentation.
How is bread made
Yeast is mixed into the dough, which contains glucose. The yeast feeds on the glucose and respires anaerobically because there is little oxygen (cant get through because it thick) inside the dough. This produces carbon dioxide and ethanol. The carbon dioxide gets trapped in the dough, making it rise and fluffy. The ethanol evaporates during baking.
Is alcohol present in bread when we eat it
No, it is evaporated during baking
What is lung volume
The measure of amount of air breathed in or out
What is a producer
An organism that makes its own food using photosynthesis
What is bronchi
Plural form of bronchus
How does breathing increase the rate of diffusion
Breathing brings oxygen into the alveoli and therefore takes away carbon dioxide so the concentration gradient is high, which increases the rate of diffusion
Chemical aerobic respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 602–> 6CO2+ 6H2O
Chemical anaerobic respiration in animals
C6H12O6 -> 2C3,H6,O3
Chemical anaerobic respiration in plants/ microorganisms
C6H12O6–> 2C2,H5,OH + 2CO2
Word formula photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
What does the bronchi do to protect the lungs
Cilia (tiny hairs covered in mucus) lines the airway from the nose to bronchioles snd they collect foreign germs and particles that might harm the lungs. To remove these, the cilia beats rhythmically to push the mucus up the trachea to be coughed out or swallowed and digested
Are the sizes of the two lungs the same and why
The right lung has three lobes but the left lung has two lobes, to make room for the heart
