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Exchange (pack7) > gas exchange > Flashcards

gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

transverse section of a dicotyledon leaf

A

cuticle
upper epidermis cells
palisade mesophyll cells
spongy mesophyll cells
sub- stomatal air space
lower epidermis cells
guard cells stomata

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2
Q

why is the spongy mesophyll made up of irregular cells

A

because it will increase their surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

what two major reactions take place in plant cells

A

photosynthesis and respiration

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4
Q

when do the reactions take place

A

photosynthesis-in the light
respiration-all the time

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5
Q

Stomata

A

open in light closed in dark
open- gas exchange
provides for metabolic needs of the plant
if plant loses too much water the guard cells will become shrunken and stomata close
reduces the water of volume lost
transpiration through open stomata

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6
Q

if stomata closes how will it affect gas exchange

A

less diffusion of CO2 and O2

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7
Q

what is transpiration

A

evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

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8
Q

what outside factors will increase transpiration rate

A

high temp
low humidity
airflow
light

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9
Q

how have leaves adapted to gas exchange

A

thin
many small pores
many air spaces
large sa of mesophyll cells

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10
Q

three groupings of plants

A

hydrophytes
mesophytes
xerophytes

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11
Q

hydrophytes

A

live in environment with lots of water availability

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12
Q

mesophytes

A

live in environment with moderate water availability

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13
Q

xerophytes

A

live in environment with low water availablity

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14
Q

xerophyte adaptations to reduce water loss

A

a thick cuticle
rolled up leaves
hairy leaves
stomata on pits or grooves
a reduced surface area to volume ratio of the leaves
extensive root system

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15
Q

what feature of a respiratory surface is missing in an insect

A

permeable surface
also insect blood does not carry oxygen

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16
Q

to conserve water insects have

A

hard impermeable exoskeleton covered with a waterproof cuticle
cant use their body surface for gas exchange

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17
Q

for efficient gas exchange inscets need

A

a permeable surface with a large area

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18
Q

insects have

A

pores called spiracles on their thorax and abdomen
air enters through and leaves tubes called tracheae which are strengthened by rings of chitin that keep them open
tracheae further branch into many smaller tubes called tracheoles which bring air directly to respiring cells
short diffusion path

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19
Q

how do respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system

A

down a diffusion gradient
ventilation

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20
Q

where can inscets still lose water form

A

spiracles and openings to digestive tract

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21
Q

Setae

A

hairs around the spiracles

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22
Q

how will the setae educe the water lost

A

trap a layer of moist air to reduce the conc gradient

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23
Q

ficks law

A

diffusion rate is proportional to

concentration gradient x SA divided by diffusion rate

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24
Q

bony fish

A

have fore pairs of branchial arches supporting gill lamellae
these are covered by a muscular flam the operculum
have the counter flow system
blood and water flow in opposite directions
gives a efficient system

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25
Q

why does the water flow over the gills in only one direction and not pass in and out of the gills as air does in the lungs of a mammal?

A

water has a higher density so it would take too much energy to move it in and out of the gills to extract oxygen

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26
Q

cartilaginous fish

A

parallel system
blood and water flow in the same direction
less efficient as the reach equilibrium
less water extracted

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27
Q

what adaptations do fish gills have to ensure efficient gas exchange?

A
  • large CG
  • large SA
  • small DD
28
Q

respiration is composed of two processes

A

cell respiration
gas exchange

29
Q

gas exchange

A

uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

30
Q

to be effective respiratory surfaces must have several characteristics

A
  • large SA
  • thin
  • permeable to some gasses
  • ventilation
  • movement of internal medium
31
Q

list the structures that an oxygen molecule has ton pass through to reach the beach

A

nose/ mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

32
Q

trachea

A

a flexible airway with muscular walls

33
Q

bronchi

A

trachea divides into two bronchi
similar structure to trachea

34
Q

bronchioles

A

each bronchus divides into many bronchioles
walls are made of muscle

35
Q

alveoli

A

minute air sacs lined with epithelium at the end of the bronchioles

36
Q

give two features showing how squamous epithelium is ideally suited to allow gas exchange

A

very thin
flat-large SA

37
Q

why is it an advantage to slow the blood down in capillaries?

A

it allows more time for gas exchange

38
Q

how are the lungs adapted to ensure rapid gas exchange in the alveoli?

A
  • red blood cells slowed in capillaries
  • thin walls of alveoli and capillaries (short diffusion distance)
  • large SA of squamous epithelium and endothelium cells
  • breathing action maintains concentration gradient
  • blow flow maintains concentration gradient
39
Q

Why is it important that macrophages are present in alveoli

A

to prevent infections from any other pathogens in the air

40
Q

describe the stages in the diffusion of oxygen from the air space in the alveolus to the inside of the red blood cells

A
  1. diffuses through alveolar space
  2. dissolves into mucus
  3. diffuses through alveolar epithelium
  4. diffuses through capillary endothelium
  5. diffuses through blood plasma
  6. diffuses through spm of red blood cells
41
Q

air is breathed in

A

inspiration

42
Q

air is breathed out

A

expiration

43
Q

breathing mechanisms

A
  • contraction/ relaxation of the diaphragm
  • contraction/relaxation of the intercostal muscles
44
Q

role of the diaphragm

A

exhalation- diaphragm relaxes and domes
inhalation- diaphragm contracts and flattens

45
Q

when the external intercostal muscles contract how does the rib cage move

A

up and out

46
Q

when the internal intercostal muscles contact how does the rib cage move

A

down and in

47
Q

inhalation

A
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • external instercostal muscles contract
  • ribs move up and out
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases
  • pressure in thoracic cavity decreases
  • air move in down the pressure gardient
48
Q

exhalation

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and domes
  • internal intercostal muscles contract
  • ribs move in and down
  • volume of thoracic cavity decreases
  • pressure in thoracic cavity increases
  • air moves out down the pressure gradient
49
Q

pleurae

A

surround a cavity around the lungs which is filled with pleural fluid
slid over one and othe while breathing

50
Q

describe how oxygen in the air reaches capillaries surrounding alveoli in the lungs

A
  • trachea and bronchi and bronchioles
  • down pressure gradient
  • down diffusion gradient
  • across alveolar epithelium
  • across capillary endothelium/ epithelium
51
Q

what are the short term effects of exercise on breathing

A

increase in breathing rate
increase in depth of breathing
increase in oxygen consumption
increase in carbon dioxide in expired air

52
Q

what are the long term effects of regular exercise

A

more alveoli develop
diaphragm muscle increases in size
number of capillaries in lungs increase

53
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

54
Q

why will the pulmonary ventilation increase with exercise

A

both the tidal volume and the breathing rate will increase

55
Q

lung disease
causes/ risk factors

A

smoking
air pollution
genetics
infections
occupation

56
Q

asthma
causes/ risk factors

A

air pollution
exercise
cold air
infection
anxiety
stress

57
Q

lung disease
symptoms

A

shortness of breath
chronic cough
blue skin tone

58
Q

asthma
symptoms

A

breathing difficulty
wheezing
tight feeling in the chest
coughing

59
Q

asthma
long term consequences/ treatments

A

inflames lining of airways
causes epithelium to secrete more mucus
causes fluid from capillaries to enter airways
muscles contract and constrict airflow

60
Q

fibrosis
cause/ risk factors

A

unclear

61
Q

fibrosis
symptoms

A

shortness of breath
chronic dry cough
chest pain
weakness and fatigue

62
Q

fibrosis
long term consequences/ treatments

A

scars make diffusion pathway longer
reduces elasticity of lungs

63
Q

tuberculosis
cause/ risk factors

A

bacterias: mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium bovis

64
Q

tuberculosis
symptoms

A

coughing up damaged lung tissue and blood containing bacteria

65
Q

tuberculosis
consequences/ treatments

A

infection can spread and be fatal

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