Gas exchange

Question 1

bronchoconstriction

Answer 1

tightening of the bronchus due to the contraction of the smooth muscle

Question 2

bronchodilation

Answer 2

expansion of the airway in the bronchus

Question 3

pleural cavity

Answer 3

the space of cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of the lung

Question 4

pleura

Answer 4

a protective layer or membrane covering the lungs

Question 5

surfactant

Answer 5

a lubricant made in the lungs to keep the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation

Question 6

atelactasis

Answer 6

collapse of airways and small sections of the lung as a result of shallow breathing. the collapsing of the lung during expansion

Question 7

ventilation

Answer 7

the flow of air inside or outside of the alveoli

Question 8

perfusion

Answer 8

the flow of blood by the cardiopulmonary system into the alveolar capillaries where deoxygenated blood is exchanged for oxygenated blood in the heart and delivered to the rest of the body

Question 9

respirations

Answer 9

the amount of breaths per minute

Question 10

lung compliance

Answer 10

the point to which a lung can expand in the response to increased pressure within the alveoli

Question 11

airway resistance

Answer 11

the pressure or opposition of the tissues in the airway to the flow of air

Question 12

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 12

volume of air breathed in after a typical inspiration

Question 13

tidal volume

Answer 13

volume of air inspired and expired with each breath

Question 14

residual volume

Answer 14

volume of air remaining in the alveoli after expiration

Question 15

forced vital capacity

Answer 15

volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal inspiration

Question 16

vital capacity

Answer 16

maximum volume of air that is expelled after maximal inspiration

Question 17

total lung capacity

Answer 17

volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal inspiration

Question 17

pulmonary circulation

Answer 17

the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs from the capillaries for gas exchange and back

Question 17

During what stage is the mitral and tricuspid valve allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles?

Answer 17

diastole

Question 18

during what stage does the mitral and tricuspid valves close and the aortic/pulmonary valves open?

Answer 18

systole

Question 19

during what phase can you hear S1?

Answer 19

systolic phase, where mitral/tricuspid valves open and flow into ventricles, aorta, and pulmonary artery

Question 20

During what phase can you heart S2?

Answer 20

when pressure in the ventricles decrease when they empty and aortic/pulmonary valves close

Question 21

When do you hear a murmur?

Answer 21

when you hear a blowing or whoosing sound due to the backflow of blood through the valve due to incompetent valves

Question 22

cardiac output

Answer 22

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute (healthy adult: 4-6L/min)

Question 23

preload

Answer 23

the blood remaining in left ventricle at end of diastole causing stretch

Question 23

Frank-Starling mechanism

Answer 23

the relationship between stroke volume including preload, afterload, and contractibility

Question 24

afterload

Answer 24

amount of resistance or force that occurs when the heart ejects blood from the left ventricle

Question 24

stroke volume

Answer 24

amount of blood ejected from left ventricle during contraction

Question 25

contractibility

Answer 25

the force required to eject blood from the left ventricle

Question 26

tactile fremitus

Answer 26

vibration felt in the chest wall during palpation of auscultation found when speaking

Question 27

pleural effusion

Answer 27

buildup of fluid in the pleural space

Question 28

pneumothorax

Answer 28

air in the pleural space causing the lung to completely or partially collapse

Question 29

crackles

Answer 29

caused by fluid filling air sacs; popping. Pneumonia or infection

Question 30

wheezing

Answer 30

whistle sound or musical noise heard on exhalation. caused by constricted airways. Asthma or COPD

Question 31

rhonchi

Answer 31

rattling. caused by obstruction of the airway. asthma and COPD

Question 32

stridor

Answer 32

wheezing, constriction in upper airways heard on inhalation. medical emergency, can be caused by inflammation of epiglottis, or viral infection

Question 33

hypoxemia

Answer 33

low amount of oxygen in the blood

Question 34

hypoxia

Answer 34

below the expected level of oxygen in body tissues. can be due to lung disease (COPD, pneumonia, asthma), anemia, smoke inhalation

Question 35

hyperventilation

Answer 35

the increase in the rate and depth of breathing. can cause low levels of CO2 and increase arterial PH and develop alkalosis (cause weakness, dizziness, headache, anxiety, increased HR)

Question 36

hypoventilation

Answer 36

shallow breathing with a lower than expected respiratory rate. too much CO2 in blood can cause increase in carbonic acid in blood, which decreases PH and cause acidosis (anxiety, exertion, confusion, weakness, cough)

Question 37

regurgitation

Answer 37

leaking heart valves that do not close (CDC)

Question 38

stenosis

Answer 38

narrowing of a heart valve. can lead to ventricle enlargement, may lead to heart failurean

Question 39

angina pectoris

Answer 39

symptom of CAD, chest pain due to insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart

Question 40

myocardial infarction

Answer 40

irreversible due to decreased oxygen flow resulting in ischemia