Gas Exchange Flashcards
Define ventilation
The flow of air inside or outside the alveoli. O2 is transported into the alveoli and CO2 is taken out.
Define perfusion
The flow of blood driven by the cardiopulmonary system into alveolar capillaries.
Cardiac Output formula
CO = SV x HR
Define preload
The amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, which causes the ventricles to stretch.
Define afterload
The force that occurs when the heart ejects blood from the left ventricle.
What is left-sided heart failure and what are manifestations of the disease?
Left sided heart failure affects the left ventricle. The heart is unable to pump blood to the rest of the body.
During physical activity, a client may experience hypoxia, crackles, SOB, or coughing.
What is right-sided heart failure?
Right sided heart failure affects the right ventricle and the heart is unable to pump blood to the lungs.
Manifestations include edema in genitals, organs, and abdomen.
Define two types of valvular dysfunctions.
Regurgitation occurs when the heart valves lead and do not close.
Stenosis is the narrowing of a heart valve.
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
OSA is a partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occurs during sleep. It is accompanied by episodes that may last longer than 10 seconds.
What is the treatment for OSA?
CPAP keeps alveoli open and improves the amount of oxygen in the tissues.
The absence of tidaling in a chest tube is an indication of what two things?
Re-expanded lung or an occlusion.
How often should a nurse encourage the use of an incentive spirometer?
10 repetitions per hour. Hold breath for 3-5 seconds.
