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Biology Paper 2 > Gas exchange > Flashcards

Gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

Diffusion of oxygen from the air in the alveoli into the blood and CO2 in the blood to the air in the alveoli

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2
Q

How do you find pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x ventilation rate

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3
Q

adaptation of alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs therefore large SA for gas exchange

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4
Q

Adaptation of epithelium cells

A

Very thin minimises diffusion distance

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5
Q

Adaptation of alveolus

A

Surrounded by a network of capillaries removes exchanged gases therefore maintains concentration gradient

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6
Q

Role of external intercostal muscles (inspiration)

A

Contracts and pulls the ribs up and out

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7
Q

Role of external intercostal muscles (Expiration)

A

Relax

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8
Q

Internal intercostal muscles (inspiration)

A

Relax

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9
Q

Role of internal intercostal muscles (Expiration)

A

Contract and pulls the rib down and in

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10
Q

Role of diaphragm (inspiration)

A

Contracts to move down and flattens

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11
Q

Role of diaphragm (expiration)

A

Relaxed and moves up and down

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12
Q

What happens to the air pressure in lungs (inspiration)

A

Initially drops as air moves in it rises above atmospheric pressure

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13
Q

What happens to air pressure in lungs (expiration)

A

Initially greater than atmospheric pressure, Drops as air moves out

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14
Q

Lung volume (inspiration)

A

Increases

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15
Q

Lung volume (expiration)

A

Decreases

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16
Q

Movement of air ( inspiration)

A

Air moves into lungs as the atmospheric pressure is higher than thorax

17
Q

Movement of air (expiration)

A

Air moves out the lungs pressure is higher in thorax than atmosphere

18
Q

Features of insects

A

Exoskeleton made of hard fibrous material for protection
Lipid layer that prevents water loss
They don’t have lungs (Tracheal system trachea, tracheoles and spiracles)

19
Q

What a spiracles role

A

Round valve like opening along abdomen Co2 and O2 enter and leave via spiracles Trachea attaches to these openings

20
Q

Role of trachea

A

Internal tube that has rings to strengthen and keep them open

21
Q

Role of tracheoles

A

Smaller tubes deep in the abdomen which extends to all the tissues and delivers O2 to all respiring cells

22
Q

Name a method of moving gases (1)

A

Gas exchange diffing cells respire and use up O2 and produces CO2 creating a concentration gradient from tracheoles to air in atmosphere

23
Q

Name a method of moving gases (2)

A

Mass transport insects contract abdomen muscles to moves gases on mass

24
Q

Name a method of moving gases (3)

A

Insects in flight muscles cells respire anaerobically and produce lactate the lowers H2O potential of cells therefore H2O moves from tracheoles into cells by osmosis this lowers volume in tracheoles and more air in the atmosphere is drawn in

25
Q

Name a way of limiting water loss (1)

A

Small SA to volume ratio (where water evaporates from)

26
Q

Name a way of limiting water loss (2)

A

Waterproof exoskeleton

27
Q

Name a way of limiting water loss (3)

A

Spiracles ( gas enters H2O evaporates can open/ close - reduces water loss)

28
Q

Features of a fish

A

Waterproof
Have a small SA to volume ratio
Obtains O2 from H2O
Has a special adaptation to maintain concentration gradient and allows diffusion to occur

29
Q

How do you calculate rate of diffusion

A

SA x difference in concentration/ length of diffusion path

30
Q

What are the adaptations of a fish

A

Large SA to volume ratio (Gill filament covered in lamellae
Short diffusion distance (Capillaries in lamellae + very thin
Maintaining concentration gradient (counter current system)

31
Q

What is the counter current exchange system

A

H2O flows over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in capillaries
Ensuring a equilibrium cannot be reached
So a diffusion gradient is maintained across the entire gill lamellae

32
Q

Features of a plant

A

O2 diffuses out stomata
CO2 diffuses through stomata
To reduce water loss stomata closes at night (photosynthesis wont occur)

33
Q

What are Xerophytic plants

A

Plants adapted to survive in environments limited with water

34
Q

Adaptations of Xerophytic plants

A 
Curled leaves 
Hairs 
Sunken stomata 
 (traps moisture to increase humidity )
Thicker cuticle (decreases evaporation)
Longer root network ( reaches more H2O)

Biology Paper 2 (6 decks)

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