Gaps In Knowledge - P1 E Flashcards
How has role models improved girls education
Increased number of women in head positions (head teacher and senior roles in schools)
Who says girls do better in coursework
Mitsos and Browne
Jackson on league tables and gender
Girls take on a master status of higher achievement - have created greater opportunities and gurls are more desired by schools
What does Wiener call history (rad fem)
Woman free zone
Dads and sons
Aimed at fathers of boys aged 11-14 to increase dads involvement in sons education
- dads to play greater role in education and stop education seeming feminine
Mitsos and Browne on crisis of masculinity and evaluation
Identity crisis
Low motivation and self esteem
Eval: unlikely to decrease motivation for qualifications since these jobs didn’t need qualifications
Feminisation of education - what do schools not nurture
Masculine traits such as competitiveness and leadership
- instead attentiveness and methodical working
How does laddish sub cultures affect achievement in boys
three
- gain symbolic capital amongst peers by joining anti school subcultures
- become more disruptive and will get excluded - miss out on learning
- doing well in school leads to bullying and belief they are ‘weak’
Explain over estimation of ability (+sociologist)
Barber
- see themselves as more capable
- blame everyone but themsleves when they fail
- comes from patriarchal society where men assume they will succeed over women
Policy due to raising boys achievement project
national literacy strategy
- to engage boys in reading and education
- daily literacy hour from a shared large print book
( only recommended not compulsory)
Playing for success ( how did this aim at achieving boys education)
Aimed to help demotivated KS2 and KS4 pupils
- held out of school hours study support centres at football clubs and other sports grounds
Murphy and Elwood ( gender diffs in subject choice)
socialisation
Link to bedroom culture - girls read more so will choose more expressive subjects
Link to boys outside + hobbies so will choose more technical subjects
3 Explanations for subject choice
- gender role socialisation
- peer pressure
- gender subject image
Gender subject image - what does a sociologist say about this
Kelly
Science seen as boys subject
Textbooks focus on boys interests such as sports
Male teachers
Girls dominate in drama and arts , boys dominate in pe
Gender identities and peer pressure ( gender subject choice)
Face pressure to conform to stereotypes and expected subjects
- girls called un feminine and called butch for choosing sport
- will be less likely to pick a subject if they think they will be bullied and called names - boys less likely to pick drama
how to evaluate material and cultural deprivation
compensatory education policies such as FSM and Sure Start
who says that we are not culturally deprived but culturally different
Keddie
who talks about cultural capital
Bourdeiu
symbolic violence def
wc are demonised by mc due to lacking cultural capital
Hubbs Tait et al on language (internal)
language that challenged cognitive ability (such as what do you think) is more commonly done by mc so that the child is better developed
sugarmans 4 wc values
- fatalism
- collectivism
- present time orientation
- immediate gratification
what is collectivism
mc would think individuals shouldn’t be held back by group loyalties but wc are the opposite
Douglas on setting and streaming
found that IQ declined in an 11 year old who was put in a lower stream at 8, but went up in an 11 year old put in a higher stream at 8
who found IQ decreased from streaming into lower sets
Douglas
Gazley et al on wc underachievemnt
normalised and so teachers do nothing to help it, but will give mc extension but wc easier tests
who talks about Nike identity
Archer
Who talks about the wc and mc primary school having diff ideal pupils
Jorgensen
who talks about polarisation and differentialisation
Lacey
explain Lacey’s concepts of differentiation and polarisation to explain how pupil subcultures develop
d - teachers categorise pupils according to perceived ability and behaviour so is differentiating as it is putting into different classes. high status to ‘more able’ in higher streams.
p - the process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite poles or extremes. boys into pro school or anti school subculture
who studied ‘the lads’
Paul Willis
what did balls study find about streaming
studied a school that was abolishing streaming but teacher labelling and sfp still occurred
3 criticisms of labelling theory of education
- Mary fuller demonstrated that many times there are self negating prophecies - too deterministic
- marxists: labels are not individual teacher prejudices but stem from a whole system that reproduces class divisions
- it tends to blame teachers but never explains why they do so
another word for middle class cultural capital - shared and learned way of thinking
habitus
purpose of symbolic violence according to Bourdieu
by calling wc habitus inferior and withholding symbolic capital they are reproducing class structure and keeping lower classes in their place
who talks about struggle wc boys had in grammar schools between nike identity and mc habits, and what is the example
Ingram
wc boy wore track suit to non school uniform day and was ridiculed
a statistic that is evidence for material deprivation being factor for diff in ethnic achievement
almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low income households vs a quarter of white
who talks about teacher expectation towards black students, and what do they say (2)
Gilborourn and Youdell
- racialised expectations
- expected more disciple problems and misinterpreted behaviour as threatening
example of self negating study on black girls
Mary Fuller
year 11 black girls
ignored teavher expectations and succeeded
most black girls put in lower streams but they were high achievers
did not seek approval of teachers
what is the relevance of Mirzas three types of racist teachers - what was her study
black girls who faced racism - tried to avoid certain teachers and ignore them, would be selective with which teachers to go to help
- strategies put them at a disadvantage and they restricted opportunities - unsuccessful
what two factors did Gilbourn identify for the change in FSP assessment (black students now at bottom)
- based entirely on teacher judgements instead of written tests as well
- change in timing - done at the end of the year instead
what are values such as immediate gratification and fatalism referred to
subcultural values
3 ways globalisation has affected education policies
- pushing of EBACC/STEM equips students for skills of global economy and workforce
- international testing prgrammes such as PISA allows for international testing of students
- adopting marketisation/privatisatino policies similar to other countries - led to development of global education companies involved in curriculum and assesment
2 sociologists critical of marketisation
ball - myth of parentocracy
gerwiitza- types of parent choosers, disconnected, privelleged, semi skilled
what is halo effect - who speaks of this
positive label attached to student - rosenthall and jacobsen
4 policies influenced by globalisation
- expert teachers - influenced by Scandinavian school system
- free schools - Finnish school system
- multi academy trusts. - American charter schools
- compulsory maths and English resits - PISA ranking
2 examples of privatisation in school system
- outsourcing of catch up provision (post covid some students fell behind so hired from private companies to catch them up)
- private catering for schools - cola-isation of school (vending machines etc)
an example of privatisation of school system
academies- private businesses now involved - independent from local authorities
2 types of privatisation
endogenous and exogenous
unequal knowledge - what is it and who talks about it
Keddie
- teachers give diff types of knowledge to diff students depending on perception
- ask more challenging questions or dumb down information
2 things Durkheim talks about in education
social solidarity and specialist skills
what two things link to meritocracy
particularistic to universalistic standards
role of specialist skills in society
complex division of labour so need diff skills for this,
provides necessary knowledge and skills
- vocational such as beauty tech
evaluation of specialist skills
wolf review of education - specialist skills not taught adequately since 1/3 of students are on courses that do not lead to higher education or high paying jobs
evaluation of Davis and Moore role allocation
circular argument
- jobs are important - why are they important - they are high paying - why are they high paying - they are important
what three things to Bowles and gintis talk about
myth of meritocracy
correspondence principle
poor are dumb theory
how does correspondence principle operate
through hidden curriculum - indirect lessons such as accepting hierarchy and working for extrinsic rewards
purpose of ISA and RSA
for bourgeoise to stay in power
what study did Bowles and Gintis do, what did they find
230 students in NYC - all rewarded for having traits of submissive workers and creativity and independence punished
(correspondence principle)
3 criticisms of marxist theory
- deterministic - assumes no free will
- Paul willis - some rebel against these not just indoctrinated - the lads
- ignore other inequalities such as race and gender
two methods willis used in his study
unstructured interviews and participant observation
2 purposes of ISA
- legitimise inequality and reproduce it
example for double standards
lees
boys call girls slags but boast about sexual conquests
- it is done to reinforce patriarchal ideology and justify male power
who talks about male gaze, and what did they find
Mac an Ghail, it reinforces dominant heterosexual masculinity \boys talking about sexual conquests and objectifying girls
what do post modernists think education system should be
less standardised and homogenous - instead should reflect diversity of society
3 ways Chubb and moe think
schools should b
- framework to compete such as ousted and league tables
- compete to attract customers the way a business does
- have a shared culture - such as National curriculum and christian assembly
what do new rights dislike about school system
one size fits all approach that disregards local needs
- schools that are bad don’t even answer to students and parents so there will be unqualified workers and less prosperous economy
two sociologists who criticise marketisation / new right theory
ball and gerwitz
what did Chubb and moe find in their study
low income students did 5% better in private schools
what percent of schools are in failing areas
90%
how can poor housing impair develeopment
impaired development due to lack of safe space to play
5 factors of material deprivation
poor housing
health and diet
fear of debt
catchement areas
hidden costs of education
4 reasons for diff gender subject choice
employment sector
gender subject images
peer pressure
gender socialisation/ domain
who says that wc are more likley to go to local unis
diane raey
study on fear of debt
callender - 2,000 in questionaire survey - wc most debt averse who saw more cost than benefit to going to uni
