gandhi

Question 1

when does gandhi go to london and why? add quote

Answer 1

1881, Wants to see England ‘the land of philosophers and poets, the very centre of covilisation’

Question 2

What type of caste

Answer 2

middle- upper

Question 3

when start to train as lawyer

Answer 3

1888

Question 4

vow to mother

Answer 4

abstain from meat alcohol and women.

Question 5

when move south africa

Answer 5

1891

Question 6

what starts non violent movement

Answer 6

Non violence begins from being thrown off train. - ‘my active non violence began from that date’

Question 7

what did he pick up on immediately that served hm well on how to get cause noticed

Answer 7

journalism

Question 8

significance of gujarati

Answer 8

many taken with gandhi. After wealthy Gujarati Muslim merchants began experiencing discrimination from repressive colonial legislation in Natal,[107] they sought the help of one young lawyer, Mahatma Gandhi to represent the case of a Memon businessman. Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri was consequently elected the first president of the South African Indian Congress.

Question 9

how does gandhi start movement in south africa

Answer 9

Starts with petitioning, visits to government officials but when these fails he takes into direct non violence. Strikes, Peaceful marches, protest and breaking of law – burning of passes

Question 10

satyagraha

Answer 10

Satyagraha (/ˌsætɪəˈɡrɑːhɑː/; Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha), loosely translated as “insistence on truth” (satya “truth”; agraha “insistence” or “holding firmly to”) or holding onto truth[1] or truth force, is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi.[2] He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela’s struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s and James Bevel’s campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements.[3][4] Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.

Question 11

gandhi on western civilisation

Answer 11

· ‘This civilisation is such that one has only to be patient and it will be self destroyed. According to the teaching of Mohammed this would be considered a Satanic civilisation. Hinduism calls it a Black Age. I cannot give you an adequate conception of it. It is eating into the vitals of the English nation. It must be shunned. Parliaments are really emblems of slavery…Civilisation is not an incurable disease, but it should never be forgotten that the English are at present afflicted by it.’
If english themselves are supressed, if you have slavery and colonialism then what is the meaning of civilisation. Gandhi sees decolonising the mind. Most people when arrive in london fall at the feet of london. Where modernity meets. They think they are inferior and should embrace western civilisation. Gandhi however is sayoing no, your civilisation is something we want nothing to do with.

Question 12

gandhi on colonialism

Answer 12

COLONIALISM IS NOT JUST SOCIETY CULTURE, ECONOMY IT IS ALSO THE MOND AND THAT YOU FEEL THE NEED TO EMULATE WESTERN SOCIETY AND CULTURE.

Question 13

swaraj

Answer 13

unity between hindus and muslims, swadeshi - self sufficiency, eradication of practices on untouchability

Question 14

champaran

Answer 14

Has to be a good politician. Starts a movement of Indian peasants against white planters. Been forced to cultivate indigo on three quarters of their land. Can’t cultivate their subsistence crops. Forced to cultivate indigo to pay off their rents etc
Embraces the dress of peasants as a nationalist symbol
These are not the worst off people.
Apparently, in a region called Champaran, in the north east of the country, poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other ‘cash crops’ instead of food crops and then to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. This meant that they were on the verge of starvation, lived in extreme poverty and were suppressed by militias run by the landlords, many of whom were British. Taxes were being levied, and raised continuously, a factor that resulted in the situation growing progressively worse until in 1914 (and then again in 1916) the farmers revolted against the conditions imposed on them. In 1917, one of these peasants persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to visit the region. Gandhi proposed non-violent mass civil disobedience and insisted that protestors did not allude to or try to propagate the concept of independence. This revolt was not about political freedom, but against tyranny amidst what now was a humanitarian disaster.

Question 15

when did gandhi return to india

Answer 15

9/01/15

Question 16

Gujarat

Answer 16

takes up mill workers v mill owner. Indian mill workers underpaid and forces a compromise between them – not communism but compromise – negotiated compromise. In that sense gandhi is middle of the road and not a radical oliticial though in many way is radical.

Question 17

rowlatt satyagraha

Answer 17

Satagryha where indians are opposed to powers that british have to arrwst indians without trial. In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for aSatyagrahaagainst theRowlattAct, passed by the British. The Act restricted the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others strongly opposed this Act. http://www.facts-about-india.com/rowlatt-satyagraha.php

Question 18

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Answer 18

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer. The civilians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis. Coming from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres (28,000 m2) and was walled on all sides except for five entrances.[1] On Dyer’s orders, his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The figures released by the British government were 379 dead and 1200 wounded. Other sources place the number of dead at well over 1000. This “brutality stunned the entire nation”,[2] resulting in a “wrenching loss of faith” of the general public in the intentions of Britain.[3] The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920–22.[4]

Question 19

non cooperation dates

Answer 19

1920-22

Question 20

non coop movememnt

Answer 20

· Urges Indians to withdraw schools, courts, council etc to deliberately avoid paying taxes.
· Next movement. Muslims upset dismemberment turkish caliphate.
TheKhilafat movement(1919–26) was apan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims inBritish Indiato influence the British government. The movement became the reason for separation from mainland India of an Islamic Pakistan, in the process unleashing tremendous separation-trauma, mainly upon ethnic Punjabis.

Question 21

end of non coop movement

Answer 21

· Within a year Gandhi stops movement because 22 police officers killed – burned in a police station in u.p utter pradesh. Dramitic stop to movement - huge ire to movement. 22 indian policement were burned.
Cannot have warfare – india too many hooligans. Nehru couldn’t understang dhim calling off the movement. Gsndhi says no, too dangerous. Cannopt have warfare erupting. The people are not ready, too many hooligans.

Question 22

civil disobedience.

Answer 22

1930-31 Dandi march. Salt march. 12/3-6/4. 1930. Leaves with 78 followers and arrives with over 200000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March
· Impoverished people still had to pay a salt tax - 2 rupees. This was theor living.
· Specific pbject tp protest tax on salt. He simply collected natural salt from the sea. Was arrested. Lord urban.
Press got a lot of international sympathy for the cause. Americ`n journalist webb miller reported the horrific reaction by police.
Women began to join the movement. In large numbers.
British did not know what to do – arrest you will cause war and not arrest and the nationalism grows ‘to arrest gandhi would be to set fire to the whole of india’

Question 23

Miller

Answer 23

In 1930, Miller took a 12,000-mile airplane trip across the Middle East and India. While in India, he met and became friends with Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi was launching the Salt Satyagraha, and Miller stayed to cover the event. Miller witnessed the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works on May 12, 1930, in which more than 1,300 unarmed Indians were severely beaten and several deaths occurred. Miller’s report helped turn world opinion against the British occupation of India.[1][4][10] Gandhi himself later said that Miller “helped make” Indian independence through his eyewitness report.[1]

Question 24

black act

Answer 24

In August 1906, the Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance was signed into law in the Transvaal. It was a humiliating and discriminating law forcing Indians in the Transvaal to register with the ‘registrar of Asiatics,’ submit to physical examinations, provide fingerprints, and carry a registration certificate at all times. Otherwise, Indians and other ‘Asiatics,’ as they were called, could be fined, imprisoned, or deported. It became known as the ‘Black Act’.

Question 25

kallenbach and tolstoy farm

Answer 25

In 1910 Kallenbach, then a rich man, donated to Gandhi a thousand acre (4 km²) farm belonging to him near Johannesburg. The farm was used to run Gandhi’s famous “Tolstoy Farm” that housed the families of satyagrahis. Kallenbach himself named this farm after Leo Tolstoy as he was deeply influenced by Tolstoy’s writings and philosophy.[4] Abandoning the life of a wealthy, sport-loving bachelor, he adopted the simple lifestyle, vegetarian diet and equality politics of Gandhi on this farm.[5] Henry Polak was another close friend and follower of Gandhi. Kallenbach was associated with Gandhi throughout the Satyagraha (non-violent resistance) struggle, which lasted in South Africa until 1914.[6]

Kallenbach also accompanied Gandhi in his first penitential fast at Phoenix in 1913 over the ‘moral lapse’ of two inmates. Also, Kallenbach acted as a manager during Gandhi’s ‘The Epic March — Satyagraha’ movement in South Africa.[7] He also accompanied Gandhi and his wife on their final voyage from South Africa to London in 1914. Gandhi and Kallenbach used to call each other “Upper House” and “Lower House” respectively, the Lower House being a metaphor for preparing the budget, and the Upper House vetoing for it.[8]

Question 26

1907

Answer 26

When the certificate offices opened on July 1, 1907, resisters picketed outside the office and dissuaded passing Indians from registering. They gathered support for the noncooperation in temples, mosques, and churches. Initially known as the ‘Passive Resistance Campaign,’ Gandhi coined the term ‘Satyagraha,’ literally ‘truth-force,’ as an alternative name. Satyagraha developed as a paradigm for waging nonviolent struggle, advocating ‘active resistance to oppression,’ and would profoundly influence the Indian struggle for independence in later decades.

Question 27

marriages south africa

Answer 27

In March 1913, the satyagrahi’s campaign was motivated again by government action. The Supreme Court announced it would refuse to recognize Hindu and Muslim marriages. The Indian community was outraged. At this point of the struggle, women would increasingly join the campaign in larger numbers.

Question 28

gandhi end in south africa

Answer 28

In early 1914, an agreement was reached. The commission ruled in favor of the Indians’ demands. The £3 Tax was repealed, Indian marriages were recognized, the Black Act was abolished, and the Immigration Restriction Act was lightened. In exchange, Gandhi agreed that the Satyagraha would stop. Further Indian grievances were worked out through letter correspondences between Gandhi and General Smuts. The agreement was deemed an important victory by the satyagrahis, even though it by no means ended all oppressive laws and cultural norms toward Indians and other people of color in South Africa.
After the struggle was concluded, Gandhi left South Africa, having spent 21 years there, to return to India where he would continue to campaign for Indian independence. His time in South Africa was foundational in his development of Satyagraha, or “truth force,” which would later help lead India to its independence.

Question 29

lord harding south africa and gandhi

Answer 29

News of the crackdown spread, inspiring more protest. In India reports of Gandhi’s arrest and of police brutality caused an uproar. Lord Harding, a British official in India, made a public speech condemning the treatment of Indians in South Africa. Workers in South Africa took action. By the end of November produce markets in Durban and Pietermaritzburg had come to a standstill. Sugar mills closed, and hotels, restaurants, and homes were without domestic workers. Satyagrahis worked with strikers to look after their needs. The world was watching.

Question 30

mahatma

Answer 30

great soul

Question 31

sedition

Answer 31

In law, sedition is overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that tends toward insurrection against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent (or resistance) to lawful authority.

Question 32

round table conference number 2 and gandhi-unity

Answer 32

He presents a powerful image wearing his traditional Indian clothes. But the conference is a failure for Gandhi. The British are not ready to grant India independence and Muslim, Sikh and other delegates do not ally themselves to him as they don’t believe he speaks for all Indians. However Gandhi is granted an audience with King George V and visits mill workers in Lancashire. These public appearances gain him great publicity and some sympathy for the Indian nationalist cause in Britain.

Question 33

guha gandhi nehru and jinnah

Answer 33

guy argues thatjinnah believed that gandhi and nehru only represented the hindus

Question 34

guha gandhi and the untouchables

Answer 34

argues that ambedkar believed he only supported upper caste hindus - separate electorates untouvhables. howver states that he had tried to obtain swaraj - freedom- for all gender, class, race

Question 35

gandhi feminist?

Answer 35

Gandhi perceived women as playing a distinct but nevertheless a complementary role to men. While he argued against stereotyping them as weak and inferior, and while he condemned child marriage, dowry and the observance of purdah (seclusion), he also believed that women were duty-bound to serve their husbands, families and country – in that order.

Question 36

partition jinnah and gandhi

Answer 36

gandhi wanted a united india but jinnah argues that the muslims would be repressed and needed a separate country

Question 37

gandhi and rape

Answer 37

Gandhi believed Indian women who were raped lost their value as human beings. He argued that fathers could be justified in killing daughters who had been sexually assaulted for the sake of family and community honour. He moderated his views towards the end of his life. But the damage was done, and the legacy lingers in every present-day Indian press report of a rape victim who commits suicide out of “shame”. Gandhi also waged a war against contraceptives, labelling Indian women who used them as whores.

Question 38

tolstoy farm

Answer 38

The Tolstoy Farm was named such by Herman Kallenbach, Gandhi’s associate It was founded in 1910 and disbanded in 1913 proved to be an ideal laboratory for Gandhi’s educational experiments. “Tolstoy Farm was a family in which I occupied the place of the father,” wrote Gandhi, and that I should so far as possible shoulder the responsibility for the training of the young”.1 The routine of the children on the farm was divided between attending classes and contributing to the maintenance of the farm. As at the Phoenix settlement manual work was combined with instruction on a daily basis, but Gandhi took this concept one step further at Tolstoy by introducing vocational training to give “all-round development to the boys and girls”. Although at this stage there was no attempt to educate the children through the medium of a specific handicraft, Gandhi enabled each child to become self-supporting by supplementing their education with vocational training. Their ages ranging from six to sixteen, the children had on an average eight hours of manual training per day, and one or, at the most two hours of book learning”2
An added dimension of the Tolstoy Farm was the decision to hold co-educational classes, and indeed to encourage the boys and girls to do everything together.
The activities which the young contributed their energies to at Tolstoy Farm included general labouring, cooking, scavenging, sandal- making, simple carpentry and messenger work. But Gandhi did not recommend manual activities merely because they were materially productive or remunerative. In addition to productive crafts, manual work of a purely constructive nature was also essential for the maintenance and development of community life. The contribution of work such as sweeping, scavenging and water fetching was seen to be invaluable to the psychological, social and moral well-being of an integrated community. Gandhi’s objective in this context was to inculcate the ideals of social service and citizenship through all the activities of children from the earlier formative years.