Gamla tentafrågor Flashcards by Cecilia Hernqvist

Which statement is NOT an illustration of the limitations of the Procrustean approach?

a) No amount of training will ever make some man-machine systems function successfully.
b) Machinery has finally outrun the man’s ability to adapt.
c) It is no longer possible to adopt the Tayloristic principle of selecting a few specialized individuals.
d) “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, or merchant-chief”

d) Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, or merchant-chief

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Accident proneness refers to…

a) the idea that some people are more likely to suffer accidents than other people.
b) a natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing
c) The idea that the blunt end, or ‘a disease of sloppiness’, is often the most suitable model of accident causation.
d) the belief that one’s environment, to the exclusion of genetic influence, determines morphological and behavioral phenotypes, including such rare events as accidents

a) the idea that some people are more likely to suffer accidents than other people.

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Anthropometry is…

a) the measurement of humans for the purpose of understanding human cognitive variation
b) the measurement of humans for the purpose of understanding human physical variation.
c) a science that describes the relationship between environmental conditions (barometric pressure, temperature, etc) and human performance, typically in military context.
d) a science of cultural comparisons of human civilzations.

b) the measurement of humans for the purpose of understanding human physical variation.

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Which answer does not correspond to detection theory?

a) It assumes that humans make decisions under conditions of uncertainty.
b) It allows the extraction of a pure measure of perceptual sensitivity separate from response bias, rather than combining the two in a single measure, as in the threshold techniques.
c) it can be used to extract whether an operator has a conservative or a liberal strategy.
d) It is concerned with sensory thresholds and indifference thresholds.

d) It is concerned with sensory thresholds and indifference thresholds.

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The field of manual control modeling is…

a) typically concerned with human-computer interaction
b) typically concerned with the study of negative feedback control systems in which the loop is closed
through a human operator.
c) a study of work, especially concerned with physical aspects such as lifting, reaching, and locomotion.
d) sometimes contrasted with pedal modeling, which is the study of footwork such as manipulation of pedals and foot levers.

b) typically concerned with the study of negative feedback control systems in which the loop is closed
through a human operator.

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In the context of virtual simulation, a FMB is…

a) a Full Mission Bridge simulator, a ship simulator with a ship’s bridge where a bridge management team can carry out all possible missions.
b) a Flight Management Breach, the training of deviations from standard procedures, something that is impossible to be trained in real aircraft.
c) Finite Measurement Bandwidth, a method for validating motion cues, using analytic techniques in the frequency domain.
d) the Federal Maritime Board, the organization that is responsible for regulating shipping, including hardware requirements for professional shipping simulators

a) a Full Mission Bridge simulator, a ship simulator with a ship’s bridge where a bridge management team can carry out all possible missions.

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Psychophysics is…

a) the analysis of perceptual processes, achieved by systematically varying a stimulus along a physical
continuum.
b) the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological basis of psychological processes.
c) a branch of psychology that argues that the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies.
d) a field within biological psychology that studies cellular mechanisms to discover aspects and extent of cogntive deficit caused by brain damage or disease.

a) the analysis of perceptual processes, achieved by systematically varying a stimulus along a physical
continuum.

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Jens Rasmussen described that human behavior is based on skills, rules and knowledge. Which statement is incorrect regarding Rasmussen’s skill, rule and knowledge taxonomy?

a) Skill-based behavior represents sensory-motor performance that takes place without conscious control as smooth, automated, and highly integrated patterns of behavior.
b) planning and reasoning can be regarded as knowledge-based behavior.
c) Experts rely on knowledge-based behavior; beginners rely on skill-based behavior.
d) In skill-based behavior, information is perceived as time-space signals; in rule-based behavior, information is perceived as signs: in knowledge-based behavior, information is perceived as symbols (abstract relations and properties)

c) Experts rely on knowledge-based behavior; beginners rely on skill-based behavior.

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Oldowan is…

a) a term from the second industrial revolution, characterizing large economic growth and dramatic increase of living standard.
b) the idea that humans adapt to machines and not vice versa.
c) an archeological term referring to oldest recognizable tools which have been preserved in archaeological record.
d) a reflex that contributes to the illusion of visually induced self-motion.

c) an archeological term referring to oldest recognizable tools which have been preserved in archaeological record.

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Which statement about Fitts list is false?

a) Fitts list is still valid today regarding most of its items.
b) Fitts list is a starting point for function allocation.
c) Fitts list compares strengths of human and machine.
d) Fitts list represents a list of out-of-the-loop problems.

d) Fitts list represents a list of out-of-the-loop problems.

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Which statement is false?

a) airline pilots work with a Flight Management System (FMS), controlled numerically through a control-display unit (CDU).
b) during the last 100 years, pilots have gradually become supervisors rather than manual controllers.
c) Statistics reliably show that accident rates have been steadily increasing since the 1980s, parallel with the introduction of the glass cockpit.
d) The flight deck can be described as an ‘airborne office’ where many tasks are automated, and information is not directly available to the pilots.

c) Statistics reliably show that accident rates have been steadily increasing since the 1980s, parallel with the introduction of the glass cockpit.

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Which statement about predictor displays is false?

a) predictor displays are effective for manuevering bulky ships or in other cases where vehicle dynamics are sluggish.
b) Predictor displays suggest that Fordism is a useful man-machine systems strategy.
c) Predictor displays can be appropriately categorized as belonging to the ‘information analysis’ stage of automation.
d) the reliability of sensor information is an important determinant of the effectiveness of predictor displays.

b) Predictor displays suggest that Fordism is a useful man-machine systems strategy.

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Which statement is false?

a) A teleoperator is a tool which extends a person’s mechanical action beyond his reach.
b) a teleoperator can be either a telerobot or a system that is continously controlled.
c) A telerobot is a machine that has the ability to perform autonomous work.
d) a master slave servomanipulator is an appropriate example of a telerobot.

d) a master slave servomanipulator is an appropriate example of a telerobot.

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What statement about workload-performance dissociation is true?

a) Workload-performance dissociation refers to a situation where an increase of workload goes hand in
hand with a performance decrease.
b) Workload-performance dissociation refers to the feeling of discomfort when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions; ideas, beliefs, values, or emotional reaction.
c) Workload-performance dissociation refers to the idea that comparison of performance (speed, accuracy) with mental workload can provide important information on operator skill or strategy.
d) Workload-performance dissociation involves identifying the neural substrate of a particular brain function through identification of case studies, neuroimaging, or neuropsychological testing.

a) Workload-performance dissociation refers to a situation where an increase of workload goes hand in
hand with a performance decrease.

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Which answer does not relate to complacency?

a) automation misuse
b) Moravec’s paradox.
c) automation bias
d) the idea that people use decision-making heuristics as a replacement for active monitoring.

b) Moravec’s paradox.

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An alarm flood refers to…

a) the problem that minor incidents may cause dozens of alarms to trigger, requiring the operator to perform anywhere from a single action to dozens, or even hundreds, of compensatory actions over several hours.
b) a Tsunami Warning System (TWS), used to detect tsunamis in advance and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and damage.
c) a cognitive tunneling effect that can occur when being subjected to visual-auditory alarms in particular repetitive temporal pattern.
d) a cognitive depletion of resources, associated with prolonged sustained attention.

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The term ‘clumsy automation’ is particularly concerned with…

a) accident proneness
b) unbalanced mental workload in poorly designed automation systems.
c) the idea that operators are likely to turn over decision processes to automation as much as possible due to a cognitive conservation phenomenon.

b) unbalanced mental workload in poorly designed automation systems.

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Situation awareness is…

a) the state of being aware of one’s presence in a situation, particularly the feeling of presence or immersion in a virtual reality environment.
b) a convenient explanation that the general population can easily grasp and embrace.
c) the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event.
d) the effect of one’s past expercience (including training) on one’s current state in a situation.

c) the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event.

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Which statement relates to constructive simulation?

a) a real person operates real equipment (but some aspect of the environment is simulated)
b) a real person operates a simulated system.
c) Simulated people operate simulated systems.
d) a computer program simulates an abstract model of a physical (nonhuman) system.

c) Simulated people operate simulated systems.

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Which statement relates to a taxis?

a) A response to a directional stimulus that involves the entire body.
b) a complex fixed action pattern, that is, a behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion, in response to an external sensory stimulus.
c) a response that involves a single set of muscles.
d) a conditioned stimulus that acquires the power to evoke a conditioned response.

a) A response to a directional stimulus that involves the entire body.

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What is ECDIS?

a) Electronic Chart Display and Information System.
b) Electronic Communication Device and Interface Service.
c) European Classification of Displays, Interfaces and Systems.
d) Engineering Classification of Dualistic Interactive Services

a) Electronic Chart Display and Information System.

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The simulation argument states that…

a) (it is possible that) reality is in fact a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.
b) augmented feedback can over-stimulate people in simulated environment.
c) simulators do not have to be realistic in order to guarantee optimal training effectiveness.
d) simulated environments can cause a feeling of alienation, sometimes describes as an invigilant increment function

a) (it is possible that) reality is in fact a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.

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The full body illusion is…

a) the phenomenon that playing a first-person shooting video game can induce a disconcerting level of self-fulfilment.
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body.
c) an illusion similar to the Necker cube, but applied to a rotating dancing silhouette.
d) an illusionary state of mind where one feels ‘complete’

b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body.

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Which answer relates to the Out Of Africa theory?

a) Anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated about 50,000–100,000 years ago.
b) Anatomically modern humans originated about 10,000 years ago outside Africa.
c) Humans first arose near the beginning of the Pleistocene two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single continuous human species.
d) the paradoxical phenomenon that most ancient technical artifacts are found in Africa, while nowadays, technological novelties are found mostly in other regions of the world.

a) Anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated about 50,000–100,000 years ago.

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Which statement is related to the term 'graceful degradation'? a) When humans grow older their fluid intelligence and information-processing abilities decrease, but they perform better at tasks requiring wisdom, knowledge of world affairs, and social conflict solving. b) When humans are loaded with very high task demands, they become stressful and inefficient, but still perform reasonably well, and do not break down completely. c) When older persons interact with computers, they paradoxically tend to perform better than young people, a phenomenon that can be related to the fact that older people take more time to think and reflect than younger people. d) Older persons are more likely to get injured because of their reduced physical strength. Fortunately, older persons usually compensate for their own brittleness, for example by being more careful, driving more slowly etc.

b) When humans are loaded with very high task demands, they become stressful and inefficient, but still perform reasonably well, and do not break down completely.

Which answer does not represent a reasonable solution of the catch 22 of supervisory control? a) Use simulators to train emergency situations. b) ensure that the human supervisor has some freedom to make errors. c) develop an interface, such as an SPDS, that enables humans to look at the big picture. d) Specify tasks and norms, such that the human supervisor knows what the appropriate target is.

d) Specify tasks and norms, such that the human supervisor knows what the appropriate target is.

The term 'mode error' relates to... a) a particular functioning arrangement or condition of automation. b) an arrangement of the eight tones of an octave in the context of auditory displays. c) stationary vibration patterns in motion platforms. d) the most frequent value of a set of data in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA).

a) a particular functioning arrangement or condition of automation.

If a RADAR machine provides unbiased random errors with a standard deviation of 10m, and if the RADAR operator provides unbiased random errors with a standard deviation of 20m, then what is the most logical strategy for improving man-machine systems performance (assuming equal cost to reduce the standard deviation with a fixed amount)? a) Improve the accuracy of the machine. b) Offer a training program to the operator, or replace him/her with a different operator. c) calibrate the machine d) it does not matter whether one chooses to improve the human or the machine.

b) Offer a training program to the operator, or replace him/her with a different operator.

If one considers the effects of stress on operator perception, what would not be a suitable design consideration? a) minimize information dispersal over multiple sources. b) Present integrated information on a single display. c) Use simple displays that do not require data transformation. d) ensure that the operator is provided with salient information of each status variable.

d) ensure that the operator is provided with salient information of each status variable.

Which statement about safety culture is most correct? a) safety culture is impossible to measure b) safety culture changes on a day to day basis. c) Safety culture starts with adequate procedures that enable training and awareness of worker responsibility. d) Safety culture is shared by employees and is revealed by practices on the work floor.

d) Safety culture is shared by employees and is revealed by practices on the work floor.

When a maritime safety researcher talks about an 'impossible accident', then what does (s)he mean? a) that catastrophic shipping accidents, such as the one with the Titanic, are not technologically possible anymore. b) That errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand. c) That having many lines of defense ensures that accident probability approaches zero. d) that the most effective defense is to initiate a go-around rather than to maneuver toward the target.

b) That errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand.

Which answer does not belong to an event tree? a) a tree-like analytical diagram with a binary structure. b) it begins with an initiating event and determines how this event can propagate in chronological order. c) an inductive, bottom-up method. d) AND and OR gates.

d) AND and OR gates. | AND and OR belongs to the FAULT tree

Which answer does not belong to slip and lapses? a) examples are: exit from a roundabout on the wrong road, or having no clear recollection of the road just travelled. b) unintentional errors. c) They are strongly related to the individual’s predisposition towards risk, bad habits, and social deviance. d) They are strongly related to one's skill and talent.

c) They are strongly related to the individual’s predisposition towards risk, bad habits, and social deviance.

When a person experciences a hazardous situation then what type of eye gaze pattern is most probable? a) Increased fixation duration. b) decreased fixation duration c) Increased saccadic amplitude d) increased smooth pursuits.

a) Increased fixation duration.

Which answer does not relate to acceleration onset cueing? a) initial accelerations are modeled in accordance with the real vehicle. b) in order to keep within the physical limits of the motion system, the platform smoothly goes back to neutral, and below perceptual thresholds of the vestibular and haptic systems. c) it allows the operator to become aware of the vehicle response before visual cues are detected. d) Sustained tilt is a crucial aspect.

d) Sustained tilt is a crucial aspect.

The full body illusion is... a) a hypothesis which holds that when avatars look (and/or move) almost, but not exactly, lite natural human beings, this causes a response of revulsion. b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one's own body. c) also known as 'The Spinning Dancer' or the 'silhouette illusion', a kinetic multi-stable optical illusion. d) a state of mind where one feels 'complete' or euphoric.

b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one's own body.

The simulation argument states that... a) both intrinsic and augmented feedback improve performance during simulator-based (driver) training. b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this. c) simulators do not have to be physically realistic in order to guarantee optimal training effectiveness. d) the human sensor systems are constantly attempting to maintain postural stability when in a simulation environment.

b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.

What is a characteristic of highly automated driving? a) the driver should always monitor the environment and automation system b) either longitudinal control or lateral control is automated c) the human may receive a request to intervene, also called a 'take-over request' d) it is the same as autonomous driving

c) the human may receive a request to intervene, also called a 'take-over request'

The catch 22 of supervisory control relates to... a) the idea that in supervisory control the human operator will eventually get bored b) the idea that in supervisory control the human operator will eventually break the rules and take risks c) the idea that in supervisory control there is no opportunity to learn from errors d) the idea that in supervisory control the human operator is decimated to nothingness

c) the idea that in supervisory control there is no opportunity to learn from errors

Which statement relates to the Roseborough dilemma? a) the normative action of a decision aid cannot be computed b) humans are not good at vigilance tasks c) humans are not good at manual control tasks d) humans will eventually disuse automation

a) the normative action of a decision aid cannot be computed

What can be said about the distinction between errors and violations? a) Violations are intentional deviations; errors are not b) violations are intended to harm; errors are not c) violations are easier to remedy than errors d) violations are measurable while errors generally are not

a) Violations are intentional deviations; errors are not

What is a predictor of simulator sickness? a) being male b) a greater number of years of experience in the real-life task c) being younger d) a smaller field of view of the simulator's visual display

b) a greater number of years of experience in the real-life task

"Live, virtual, and constructive simulation" is a taxonomy describing whether... a) the simulation involves real-time, historic, or futuristic/predictive scenarios b) the simulation involves real and/or simulated people and systems c) the simulation involves one human, zero humans, or multiple humans d) the simulation is photorealistic or an abstraction of the real environment

b) the simulation involves real and/or simulated people and systems

Situation awareness is... a) the state of being aware of one's presence in a situation, especially the feeling of presence in a virtual environment b) a form of 'flashbulb memory', that is, clear episodic memories of unique or emotional events c) a form of meta-cognition, that is, knowledge about one's own skills and memory capabilities d) put simply, 'knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do'

d) put simply, 'knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do'

The full body illusion is... a) a hypothesis which holds that when avatars look (and/or move) almost, but not exactly, like natural human beings, this causes a response of revulsion b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one's own body c) also known as "the spinning dancer" or the "silhouette illusion", a kinetic multi-stable optica illusion d) a state of mind where one feels 'complete' or euphoric

b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one's own body

Which statement about stress is FALSE? a) humans physiologically experience stress through shaking, slowed digestion, dilation of the pupil, tunnel vision, increased heart rate, or constriction of blood vessels (but dilation of blood vessels in muscles) b) a stress response is a mechanism to help humans in life-or-death situations, and is also referred to as the 'fight or flight' response or hyperarousal c) stress reduces information intake and causes a systematic distortion of perceptual space-time d) during stressful situations, a SPDS is known to be a very distracting element

d) during stressful situations, a SPDS is known to be a very distracting element

The simulation argument states that... a) both intrinsic and augmented feedback improve performance during simulator-based (driver) training b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this c) simulators do not have to be physically realistic in order to guarantee optimal training effectiveness d) the human sensor systems are constantly attempting to maintain postural stability when in a simulation environment

b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this

When a marine safety researcher talks about an 'impossible accident' then what does (s)he mean? a) that catastrophic shipping accidents, such as the one with the Titanic, are extremely unlikely nowadays b) that having many lines of defense ensures that accident probability approaches zero c) that errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand d) that, paradoxically, shipmasters should steer toward the object in order to avoid a collision with that object. The phenomenon can also be observed during the Indianapolis 500

c) that errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand

What is ECDIS? a) Electronic Chart Display and Information System b) Electronic Communication Device and Interface System c) Engineering Classification of Displays, Interfaces and Serials dI Engineering Classification of Dual Interface Services

a) Electronic Chart Display and Information System

The term 'clumsy automation' is particularly concerned with... a) the inappropriate implementation of manual control systems by managers and designers b) unbalanced mental workload in poorly designed automation systems c) the idea that operators are likely to hand over decision processes to automation, due to a cognitive conservation phenomenon d) cognitive overhead

b) unbalanced mental workload in poorly designed automation systems

Which statement is TRUE? a) the eye moves quite a lot (standard deviation greater than 2 degrees) during a fixation b) a saccade is a relatively slow and smooth movement of the eye c) the eye requires more information during a saccade than during a fixation d) eye movements can essentially be classified into fixations and saccades

d) eye movements can essentially be classified into fixations and saccades

Which statement does NOT relate to a discussion about hindsight bias? a) the investigator looks back on a sequence of events that has happened in the past b) if somebody is looking over your shoulders, you are likely to become anxious about your performance c) in retrospect, everything seems to be predictable d) it is a cognitive distortion caused by reconstruction of memory

b) if somebody is looking over your shoulders, you are likely to become anxious about your performance

What is FALSE about operant conditioning? a) it deals with forming associations between two stimuli b) behavior is voluntary c) it deals with the acquisition of habits and behaviors that occur under incentive d) many different conditionable behaviors can be learned

a) it deals with forming associations between two stimuli

Acceleration onset cueing is... a) a way of moving a motion platform such that the human is provided with short-lasting acceleration cues b) a way of moving a centrifuge simulator such that the human is provided with sustained accelerations c) a way of motivating workers to be as productive as possible d) using training tools in such a way that the 'experience paradox' is resolved

a) a way of moving a motion platform such that the human is provided with short-lasting acceleration cues

The Rubin vase illustrates... a) that industrial design engineering is now a relevant discipline within man-machine systems research b) that the people from the Greek Hellenistic period had already established some ergonomic principles c) the phenomenon of multi-stable perception d) that the brain-in-a-vat hypothesis might actually be true

c) the phenomenon of multi-stable perception

Accident proneness refers to the idea that... a) accidents should be explained from a 'remote' perspective b) accidents are caused by a poor safety culture c) blaming a person for an accident is administratively and legally convenient d) some people are more likely to be involved in accidents than others because of their (innate) personal characteristics

d) some people are more likely to be involved in accidents than others because of their (innate) personal characteristics

Much of the theory on 'human error', as well as the 'neural mismatch model' of motion sickness, can be credited to... a) Kenneth Craik b) Sir Frederic Bartlett c) James Reason d) Richard Jagacinski

c) James Reason

The Pearson correlation coefficient between biological age and performance on non-cultural psychometric tests is about... a) -0.9 b) -0.5 c) 0.5 d) 0.9

b) -0.5

What is not a plausible cause of a mode error? a) the high number of modes and the high number of interactions between nodes b) the time delay between user input and feedback about system behavior c) non-salient feedback about modes d) the modularity of the human mind

d) the modularity of the human mind

Which statement is TRUE? a) random errors of system components should be added algebraically b) random errors of system components cancel out each other, and so are quite trivial compared to the systematic errors c) random errors of system components should be added according to their squares (i.e. variances) d) random errors are usually prevented by calibrating the machine

c) random errors of system components should be added according to their squares (i.e. variances)

What statement about the Fitt's list is FALSE? a) it was created about 65 years ago b) it is a list of 11 statements regarding the strenghts of human versus machine c) it is generally used for setting up transfer-of-training research d) it was created by Paul Fitts, together with some other founding fathers of Human Factors research

c) it is generally used for setting up transfer-of-training research

Which answer does not relate to complacency (=självbelåtenhet)? a) Automation misuse b) Moravec's paradox c) Automation bias d) the idea that people use decision-making heuristics as a replacement for active monitoring

b) Moravec's paradox

Which statement relates to a taxis? a) a response to a directional stimulus b) a fixed action pattern, that is, a behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion, in response to a sensory stimulus c) a response that involves a single set of muscles d) a conditioned stimulus that acquires the power to evoke a conditioned response

a) a response to a directional stimulus

Which answer does NOT belong to an event tree? a) a tree-like analytical diagram with a binary structure b) it begins with an initiating event and determines how this event can propagate in chronological order c) all probabilities at the right of the diagram add up to 100% d) AND and OR gates

d) AND and OR gates

Which statement about the production/protection trade-off is true? a) it is as a speed-accuracy trade-off, also known as Fitts law b) It is as a speed-efficiency trade-off, also known as the Accot-Zhai steering law c) it is a between - versus within-subjects tradeoff, also known as the ecological fallacy d) it refers to the fact that organizations should protect themselves against hazards, but should not overprotect themselves

d) it refers to the fact that organizations should protect themselves against hazards, but should not overprotect themselves

Which statement about engineering psychology is FALSE? a) engineering psychology aims to uncover psychological principles that are useful for the desing of systems b) engineering psychology is concerned with comparing two or more desing solutions on criteria such as user satisfaction, product performance, safety and cost c) engineering psychology aims to specify the capacities and limitations of hte human d) shape coding and the proximity compatibility principle are examples of engineering psychology guidelines

b) engineering psychology is concerned with comparing two or more desing solutions on criteria such as user satisfaction, product performance, safety and cost

Scientific management... a) studies a form of reactivity whereby research participants improve their behavior simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied b) is a theory of management aiming to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity c) aims to develop software tools that support managers and designers of socio-technical systems d) states that it is important to try to generalize from experiments in laboratory environments to real work settings

b) is a theory of management aiming to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity

Which is the correct chronological in the evolutionary process leading to anatomically modern humans? a) successful migration out of Africa, bipedalism, encephalization b) bipedalism, encephalization, successful migration out of Africa c) encephalization, bipedalism, successful migration out of Africa d) encephalization, successful migration out of Africa, bipedalism

b) bipedalism, encephalization, successful migration out of Africa

The guidance hypothesis states that... a) augmented feedback improves performance while training, but is detrimental when removed in a retention phase b) complex tasks require more guidance from human supervisors than simple tasks c) there is a negative correlation between the number of administrators/bureaucrats in an organization and the life satisfaction of employees in that organization d) there is a negative correlation between the number of supervisors in an organization and the number of incidents and accidents within that organization

a) augmented feedback improves performance while training, but is detrimental when removed in a retention phase

Which statement relates to the 'event rate effect'? a) the more events a human operator encounters, the higher the rate of learning b) when the number of visual stimuli per second is sufficiently high, these stimuli appear as a smooth and continuous film c) events of high (emotional) impact are memorized with greater ease than events of low importance d) the signal detection rate is higher when the event rate is lower

d) the signal detection rate is higher when the event rate is lower

Which statement relates to cognitive epidermiology? a) a person's intelligence quotient (IQ) predicts health, mortality, and accident involvement b) a person is able to influence his/her own health status by means of bio-feedback c) wisdom and experience increase with age d) To err is human

a) a person's intelligence quotient (IQ) predicts health, mortality, and accident involvement

Which statement about the catch 22 of supervisory control is false? a) the catch 22 states that the human supervisor has no opportunity to learn from his own errors b) the catch 22 states that the human supervisor will inevitably cause errors when the machine fains c) giving more freedom to the human supervisor is a potential resolution to the catch 22 d) simulator-based training reinforces the catch 22 of supervisory control

d) simulator-based training reinforces the catch 22 of supervisory control

Which statement is FALSE? a) manual control is the study of negative feedback control systems in which the loop is closed through a human operator b) manual control research neatly fits into the 'borrowed engineering models' research phase c) manual control might relate to hand movements (e.g. controlling a joystick) just as well as feet movement (e.g. controlling pedals) d) the most important manual control research was published in the well-known conference series called 'NASA's Annual Conference Series on Cognitive Control'

d) the most important manual control research was published in the well-known conference series called 'NASA's Annual Conference Series on Cognitive Control'

When being in a train at a station and another neighboring train moves, one can have the illusion of self-motion in the opposite direction. This phenomenon is called... a) vection b) proprioception c) otolith organ stimulation d) vestibular-ocular reflex

a) vection

Acheulean technology refers to technology from... a) 4.5 million to 2 million years ago b) 1.7 million to 100 000 years ago c) 60 000 to 8000 years ago d) 6500 to 500 years ago

b) 1.7 million to 100 000 years ago

The research field of psychophysics is concerned with... a) how physicists and psychologists (should) interact in order to create effective human-machine systems b) the relationship between a physical stimulus and the observer's psychological experience in response to that stimulus c) the design of user-friendly products using principles from the exact/physical sciences d) human psychological functioning and behavior, focusing on the mind and the way one thinks

b) the relationship between a physical stimulus and the observer's psychological experience in response to that stimulus

It has been found that drivers using Adaptive Cruise Control drive with shorter headways and more often on the fast lane than reference drivers without Adaptive Cruise Control. This phenomenon is an example of... a) efficiency-thorougness trade-off b) manual skill erosion c) behavioral adaption d) automation abuse

c) behavioral adaption

Cognitive work occurs particularly when the human... a) is a supervisory controller b) is a manual controller c) has learned to roll a cigar after 2 million trials d) is stressed

a) is a supervisory controller

What is meant with the statement 'Oldowan technology is an adaptive threshold'? a) Technological evolution was very slow 1 million years ago b) it is better to adapt the technology to the human than to adapt the human to the technology c) stone tools allowed our ancestors to evolve further d) adaptive automation yields effective human-machine interaction

c) stone tools allowed our ancestors to evolve further

What is NOT a characteristic of vigilance research? a) the presented stimuli are of low intensity b) the stimuli are presented rarely and with high temporal uncertainty c) experimental sessions typically last shorter than 15 minutes d) the observer receives no feedback on task performance

c) experimental sessions typically last shorter than 15 minutes

What is latent learning? a) learning that occurs without reinforcement/reward b) learning that is entirely defined in terms of behaviors that can be observed c) learning that is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience d) learning that matches an underlying learning curve model with high accuracy

a) learning that occurs without reinforcement/reward

The time and motion studies of the Gilbreths is related to... a) Taylorism/scientific management b) big data and virtual reality c) the birth of post-WW2 man-machine system research d) borrowed engineering models

a) Taylorism/scientific management

The Fitts list has been used to suggest that... a) one should never automate b) one should automate tasks for which machines surpass humans c) one should allocate tasks among different members of a team in a rational manner d) deciding whether or not to automate is an underdetermined problem

b) one should automate tasks for which machines surpass humans

A centrifugal governor refers to... a) a dog sport in which teams of dogs race against each other b) a feedback system that controls the speed of an engine by regulating the amount of fuel admitted c) the frequency of batted ground balls in play versus fly balls in play d) the effect in which a spinning ball curves away from its principal flight path

b) a feedback system that controls the speed of an engine by regulating the amount of fuel admitted

What is function allocation according to the left-over principle? a) a classical economic theory of growth and stagnation developed during the industrial revolution b) to automate based on technological capabilities, without taking into account the human factor c) automatically collecting crops from fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest d) those traits, organs, or behaviors that have lost their original function through evolution

b) to automate based on technological capabilities, without taking into account the human factor

Which statement about supervisory control is true? a) human closes loop b) computer closes loop c) human opens loop d) computer opens loop

b) computer closes loop

Rasmussen's taxonomy of skill, rule, and knowledge-based performance does not make a distinction between... a) slow and fast thinking processes b) manual control by the human and automated control by the machine c) conscious and unconscious behaviors d) novel problems and routine situations

a) slow and fast thinking processes

In the context of man-machine systems research, which statement is true about workload? a) it is the cost of executing a task as determined by the number and complexitiy of tasks to be completed b) it is the cost of executing a task in terms of the physical work to be completed c) it is the cost of executing a task in terms of knowledge of the task to be completed d) it is the cost of executing a task as experienced by the human operator

d) it is the cost of executing a task as experienced by the human operator

When solving a difficult arithmetic problem... a) the pupil is dilated b) the pupil is contracted c) the pupil diameter shows an oscillation of a 10 Hz frequency d) microsaccades occur with increased likelihood

a) the pupil is dilated

Automation that results in high workload or an unbalanced workload over time has also been called... a) catchy of automation b) disuse of automation c) clumsy automation d) workload-performance dissociation

c) clumsy automation

The representativeness heuristic is... a) the study of formal ways to describe knowledge b) a general relationship that expresses similarities between objects c) a function that ranks alternatives in search algorithms at each branching step based on available information to decide which branch to follow d) a judgmental shortcut when estimating the probability of an event

d) a judgmental shortcut when estimating the probability of an event

In one famous figure about human error and machine failure created by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, 1984), it was suggested that... a) the number of accidents caused by the 'machine' has increased, while those caused by 'man' have increased even faster b) the number of accidents caused by the 'machine' has increased, while those caused by 'man' have declined proportionally c) the number of accidents caused by the 'machine' has declined, while those caused by 'man' have increased proportionally d) the number of accidents caused by the 'machine' has declined, while those caused by 'man' have declined proportionally

c) the number of accidents caused by the 'machine' has declined, while those caused by 'man' have increased proportionally

An event tree consists of... a) yes and no branches b) ON and OFF gates c) AND and OR gates d) a single top event

a) yes and no branches

Which type of feedback gives the most effective transfer of training in a vehicle-control task? a) On-target feedback b) Off-target feedback c) Giving as much feedback as possible d) Making sure that the training differs substantially from the testing conditions

b) Off-target feedback

When getting experienced at a task, the performance at a secondary task usually... a) remains unaffected b) gets better c) gets worse d) starts to fluctuate more rapidly over time

b) gets better

Which statement about learning curve models is true? a) performance improvements occur semi-discretely, in plateaus b) the power law function and exponential decay function both provide a good fit to empirical data c) after a certain number of trials no further performance improvements occur d) the fit is best prior to averaging across trials and persons

b) the power law function and exponential decay function both provide a good fit to empirical data

Reflexes, taxes and instincts... a) are innate b) are acquired thorugh classical conditioning c) are acquired through operand conditioning d) are acquired through play and explorative learning

a) are innate

The guidance hypothesis says that learning... a) is impeded by assistance and guidance b) is enhanced by augmented feedback c) is enhanced by virtual reality d) is impeded by deliberate practice

a) is impeded by assistance and guidance

When measuring the realism of a simulator without a human in the loop, one measures... a) behavioral fidelity b) physical fidelity c) perceptual fidelity d) outcome fidelity

b) physical fidelity

Which statement is TRUE? a) sensation depends on past experience and motivation b) perception depends on past experience and motivation c) perception is entirely a bottom-up process d) sensation is a function of habits and attitudes

b) perception depends on past experience and motivation

Which statement about relative behavioral fidelity is FALSE? a) relative behavioral fidelity is harder to achieve than absolute behavioral fidelity b) Relative behavioral fidelity is about the similarity of effect sizes between the simulator and reality c) relative behavioral fidelity can be achieved even when physical fidelity is not achieved d) relative behavioral fidelity can be achieved even when perceptual fidelity is not achieved.

a) relative behavioral fidelity is harder to achieve than absolute behavioral fidelity

Explaining unsafe acts in terms of a worker's clumsiness is an approach that focuses on... a) active errors b) safety culture c) the latent errors d) the 'blunt end'

a) active errors

What tends to increase between 20 and 40 years of age? a) fluid intelligence b) crystallized intelligence c) performance on memory tasks d) sensation seeking behavior

b) crystallized intelligence

The distinction between a human-interactive computer and a task-interactive computer applies to... a) machine-aided control b) supervisory control in the liberal definition c) supervisory control in the strict definition d) neurofeedback

c) supervisory control in the strict definition

What happens when people are put under stress? a) variance of gaze increases & time appears to be running slower b) variance of gaze decreases and time appears to be running slower c) variance of gaze increases and time appears to be running faster d) variance of gaze decreases and time appears to be running faster

b) variance of gaze decreases and time appears to be running slower

If a RADAR machine provides unbiased random errors with a standard deviation of 10m, and if the RADAR operator provides unbiased random errors with a standard deviation of 20m, then what is the most logical strategy for improving man-machine systems performance (assuming equal cost to reduce the standard deviation with a fixed amount)? a) offer a training program to the operator or replace him/her with a different operator b) improve the accuracy of the machine c) calibrate the machine d) it does not matter whether one chooses to improve the human or the machine

a) offer a training program to the operator or replace him/her with a different operator

Eye gaze can be roughly classified into... a) fixations and reflexes b) fixations and saccades c) reflexes and smooth pursuits d) smooth pursuits and microsaccades

b) fixations and saccades

Which statement does not correspond to the production/protection trade-off? a) organizations need to stay in the 'parity zone' b) too much production puts a company out of business c) too much protection puts a company out of business d) the 'impossible accident' is not truly impossible

d) the 'impossible accident' is not truly impossible

What does not typically happen when the time delay in a manual control task increases? a) there is a reduction in task performance and/or an increase in task completion time b) humans adjust their strategy, for example by applying intermittent control instead of continuous control c) humans are more likely to prefer supervisory control instead of manual control d) humans adapt in such a way that performance remains almost identical compared to the situation without time delay

d) humans adapt in such a way that performance remains almost identical compared to the situation without time delay

What is SAGAT? a) a display on-board a ship's bridge b) a technique used to construct Paleolithic tools c) a technique to measure situation awareness d) a test that measures general intelligence

c) a technique to measure situation awareness

A mode error occurs... a) when a machine has misdiagnosed a situation and then executes the wrong function b) when a human operator executes an intention that is inappropriate given the automation status c) when a neuroscientist errs in the wrong direction when applying neurostimulation techniques d) when the value that appears most often in a set of data does not coincide with the mean and median

b) when a human operator executes an intention that is inappropriate given the automation status

Complacency referes to... a) insufficiently counterchecking the automation status b) pulling the plug from automation c) the fact that people adapt their manual control strategy when controlling machines of different dynamics d) adapting the human to the machine, and not vice versa

a) insufficiently counterchecking the automation status

Cross-modal matching is a technique whereby... a) multimodal feedback is designed so that reaction times are faster than feedback provided in a single modality b) mode errors are prevented by systematically determining how participants distribute their attention c) participants alter the magnitude of a physical quantity, so that its perceived intensity is equal to the perceived intensity of another type of quantity d) making sure that the most frequently occuring item in survey data is in the center of the scale

c) participants alter the magnitude of a physical quantity, so that its perceived intensity is equal to the perceived intensity of another type of quantity

The NASA TLX... a) is an invalid way of measuring workload b) is a questionnaire consisting of six items c) can be used to measure misuse of automation d) can be used to measure trust in automation

b) is a questionnaire consisting of six items

A quickening display... a) is a display with low time delays b) is a configural display c) shows the derivatives of the machine's states d) is a computerized tool that is used in the design of human-machine interfaces

c) shows the derivatives of the machine's states

Vigilance performance is best for... a) a high signal rate in a 'simultaneous' vigilance task b) a low signal rate in a 'simultaneous' vigilance task c) a high signal rate in a 'successive' vigilance task d) a low signal rate in a 'succesive' vigilance task

a) a high signal rate in a 'simultaneous' vigilance task

Psychophysics research is characterized by... a) measuring how living organisms function b) examining the relations between physical stimuli and the human perception of those stimuli c) trying to infer psychological states based on recordings of physiological signals d) determining the functions or modules for specific brain areas

b) examining the relations between physical stimuli and the human perception of those stimuli

The famous law named after Stanley Smith Stevens is... a) a power function b) a logarithmic function c) a sigmoid function d) an exponential decay function

a) a power function

Which statement is NOT an illustration of the limitations of the Procrustean apporach? a) No amount of training will ever make some man-machine systems function successfully b) machinery has finally outrun the man's ability to adapt c) it is no longer possible to adopt the Tayloristic principle of selecting a few specialized individuals d) Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, or mechant-chief

d) Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, or mechant-chief

When was the last conference of the NASA's 'Annual Manual' series? a) Late 1940 b) Late 1960 c) late 1980 d) Early 2010

c) late 1980

The keyhole problem refers to particular problems in... a) manual control tasks b) the ECDIS c) life as a shipmaster d) the glass cockpit

d) the glass cockpit

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