Gamla tentafrågor Flashcards
Which statement is NOT an illustration of the limitations of the Procrustean approach?
a) No amount of training will ever make some man-machine systems function successfully.
b) Machinery has finally outrun the man’s ability to adapt.
c) It is no longer possible to adopt the Tayloristic principle of selecting a few specialized individuals.
d) “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, or merchant-chief”
d) Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, or merchant-chief
Accident proneness refers to…
a) the idea that some people are more likely to suffer accidents than other people.
b) a natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing
c) The idea that the blunt end, or ‘a disease of sloppiness’, is often the most suitable model of accident causation.
d) the belief that one’s environment, to the exclusion of genetic influence, determines morphological and behavioral phenotypes, including such rare events as accidents
a) the idea that some people are more likely to suffer accidents than other people.
Anthropometry is…
a) the measurement of humans for the purpose of understanding human cognitive variation
b) the measurement of humans for the purpose of understanding human physical variation.
c) a science that describes the relationship between environmental conditions (barometric pressure, temperature, etc) and human performance, typically in military context.
d) a science of cultural comparisons of human civilzations.
b) the measurement of humans for the purpose of understanding human physical variation.
Which answer does not correspond to detection theory?
a) It assumes that humans make decisions under conditions of uncertainty.
b) It allows the extraction of a pure measure of perceptual sensitivity separate from response bias, rather than combining the two in a single measure, as in the threshold techniques.
c) it can be used to extract whether an operator has a conservative or a liberal strategy.
d) It is concerned with sensory thresholds and indifference thresholds.
d) It is concerned with sensory thresholds and indifference thresholds.
The field of manual control modeling is…
a) typically concerned with human-computer interaction
b) typically concerned with the study of negative feedback control systems in which the loop is closed
through a human operator.
c) a study of work, especially concerned with physical aspects such as lifting, reaching, and locomotion.
d) sometimes contrasted with pedal modeling, which is the study of footwork such as manipulation of pedals and foot levers.
b) typically concerned with the study of negative feedback control systems in which the loop is closed
through a human operator.
In the context of virtual simulation, a FMB is…
a) a Full Mission Bridge simulator, a ship simulator with a ship’s bridge where a bridge management team can carry out all possible missions.
b) a Flight Management Breach, the training of deviations from standard procedures, something that is impossible to be trained in real aircraft.
c) Finite Measurement Bandwidth, a method for validating motion cues, using analytic techniques in the frequency domain.
d) the Federal Maritime Board, the organization that is responsible for regulating shipping, including hardware requirements for professional shipping simulators
a) a Full Mission Bridge simulator, a ship simulator with a ship’s bridge where a bridge management team can carry out all possible missions.
Psychophysics is…
a) the analysis of perceptual processes, achieved by systematically varying a stimulus along a physical
continuum.
b) the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological basis of psychological processes.
c) a branch of psychology that argues that the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies.
d) a field within biological psychology that studies cellular mechanisms to discover aspects and extent of cogntive deficit caused by brain damage or disease.
a) the analysis of perceptual processes, achieved by systematically varying a stimulus along a physical
continuum.
Jens Rasmussen described that human behavior is based on skills, rules and knowledge. Which statement is incorrect regarding Rasmussen’s skill, rule and knowledge taxonomy?
a) Skill-based behavior represents sensory-motor performance that takes place without conscious control as smooth, automated, and highly integrated patterns of behavior.
b) planning and reasoning can be regarded as knowledge-based behavior.
c) Experts rely on knowledge-based behavior; beginners rely on skill-based behavior.
d) In skill-based behavior, information is perceived as time-space signals; in rule-based behavior, information is perceived as signs: in knowledge-based behavior, information is perceived as symbols (abstract relations and properties)
c) Experts rely on knowledge-based behavior; beginners rely on skill-based behavior.
Oldowan is…
a) a term from the second industrial revolution, characterizing large economic growth and dramatic increase of living standard.
b) the idea that humans adapt to machines and not vice versa.
c) an archeological term referring to oldest recognizable tools which have been preserved in archaeological record.
d) a reflex that contributes to the illusion of visually induced self-motion.
c) an archeological term referring to oldest recognizable tools which have been preserved in archaeological record.
Which statement about Fitts list is false?
a) Fitts list is still valid today regarding most of its items.
b) Fitts list is a starting point for function allocation.
c) Fitts list compares strengths of human and machine.
d) Fitts list represents a list of out-of-the-loop problems.
d) Fitts list represents a list of out-of-the-loop problems.
Which statement is false?
a) airline pilots work with a Flight Management System (FMS), controlled numerically through a control-display unit (CDU).
b) during the last 100 years, pilots have gradually become supervisors rather than manual controllers.
c) Statistics reliably show that accident rates have been steadily increasing since the 1980s, parallel with the introduction of the glass cockpit.
d) The flight deck can be described as an ‘airborne office’ where many tasks are automated, and information is not directly available to the pilots.
c) Statistics reliably show that accident rates have been steadily increasing since the 1980s, parallel with the introduction of the glass cockpit.
Which statement about predictor displays is false?
a) predictor displays are effective for manuevering bulky ships or in other cases where vehicle dynamics are sluggish.
b) Predictor displays suggest that Fordism is a useful man-machine systems strategy.
c) Predictor displays can be appropriately categorized as belonging to the ‘information analysis’ stage of automation.
d) the reliability of sensor information is an important determinant of the effectiveness of predictor displays.
b) Predictor displays suggest that Fordism is a useful man-machine systems strategy.
Which statement is false?
a) A teleoperator is a tool which extends a person’s mechanical action beyond his reach.
b) a teleoperator can be either a telerobot or a system that is continously controlled.
c) A telerobot is a machine that has the ability to perform autonomous work.
d) a master slave servomanipulator is an appropriate example of a telerobot.
d) a master slave servomanipulator is an appropriate example of a telerobot.
What statement about workload-performance dissociation is true?
a) Workload-performance dissociation refers to a situation where an increase of workload goes hand in
hand with a performance decrease.
b) Workload-performance dissociation refers to the feeling of discomfort when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions; ideas, beliefs, values, or emotional reaction.
c) Workload-performance dissociation refers to the idea that comparison of performance (speed, accuracy) with mental workload can provide important information on operator skill or strategy.
d) Workload-performance dissociation involves identifying the neural substrate of a particular brain function through identification of case studies, neuroimaging, or neuropsychological testing.
a) Workload-performance dissociation refers to a situation where an increase of workload goes hand in
hand with a performance decrease.
Which answer does not relate to complacency?
a) automation misuse
b) Moravec’s paradox.
c) automation bias
d) the idea that people use decision-making heuristics as a replacement for active monitoring.
b) Moravec’s paradox.
An alarm flood refers to…
a) the problem that minor incidents may cause dozens of alarms to trigger, requiring the operator to perform anywhere from a single action to dozens, or even hundreds, of compensatory actions over several hours.
b) a Tsunami Warning System (TWS), used to detect tsunamis in advance and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and damage.
c) a cognitive tunneling effect that can occur when being subjected to visual-auditory alarms in particular repetitive temporal pattern.
d) a cognitive depletion of resources, associated with prolonged sustained attention.
a) the problem that minor incidents may cause dozens of alarms to trigger, requiring the operator to perform anywhere from a single action to dozens, or even hundreds, of compensatory actions over several hours.
The term ‘clumsy automation’ is particularly concerned with…
a) accident proneness
b) unbalanced mental workload in poorly designed automation systems.
c) the idea that operators are likely to turn over decision processes to automation as much as possible due to a cognitive conservation phenomenon.
b) unbalanced mental workload in poorly designed automation systems.
Situation awareness is…
a) the state of being aware of one’s presence in a situation, particularly the feeling of presence or immersion in a virtual reality environment.
b) a convenient explanation that the general population can easily grasp and embrace.
c) the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event.
d) the effect of one’s past expercience (including training) on one’s current state in a situation.
c) the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event.
Which statement relates to constructive simulation?
a) a real person operates real equipment (but some aspect of the environment is simulated)
b) a real person operates a simulated system.
c) Simulated people operate simulated systems.
d) a computer program simulates an abstract model of a physical (nonhuman) system.
c) Simulated people operate simulated systems.
Which statement relates to a taxis?
a) A response to a directional stimulus that involves the entire body.
b) a complex fixed action pattern, that is, a behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion, in response to an external sensory stimulus.
c) a response that involves a single set of muscles.
d) a conditioned stimulus that acquires the power to evoke a conditioned response.
a) A response to a directional stimulus that involves the entire body.
What is ECDIS?
a) Electronic Chart Display and Information System.
b) Electronic Communication Device and Interface Service.
c) European Classification of Displays, Interfaces and Systems.
d) Engineering Classification of Dualistic Interactive Services
a) Electronic Chart Display and Information System.
The simulation argument states that…
a) (it is possible that) reality is in fact a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.
b) augmented feedback can over-stimulate people in simulated environment.
c) simulators do not have to be realistic in order to guarantee optimal training effectiveness.
d) simulated environments can cause a feeling of alienation, sometimes describes as an invigilant increment function
a) (it is possible that) reality is in fact a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.
The full body illusion is…
a) the phenomenon that playing a first-person shooting video game can induce a disconcerting level of self-fulfilment.
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body.
c) an illusion similar to the Necker cube, but applied to a rotating dancing silhouette.
d) an illusionary state of mind where one feels ‘complete’
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body.
Which answer relates to the Out Of Africa theory?
a) Anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated about 50,000–100,000 years ago.
b) Anatomically modern humans originated about 10,000 years ago outside Africa.
c) Humans first arose near the beginning of the Pleistocene two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single continuous human species.
d) the paradoxical phenomenon that most ancient technical artifacts are found in Africa, while nowadays, technological novelties are found mostly in other regions of the world.
a) Anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated about 50,000–100,000 years ago.
Which statement is related to the term ‘graceful degradation’?
a) When humans grow older their fluid intelligence and information-processing abilities decrease, but they perform better at tasks requiring wisdom, knowledge of world affairs, and social conflict solving.
b) When humans are loaded with very high task demands, they become stressful and inefficient, but still
perform reasonably well, and do not break down completely.
c) When older persons interact with computers, they paradoxically tend to perform better than young people, a phenomenon that can be related to the fact that older people take more time to think and reflect than younger people.
d) Older persons are more likely to get injured because of their reduced physical strength. Fortunately, older persons usually compensate for their own brittleness, for example by being more careful, driving more slowly etc.
b) When humans are loaded with very high task demands, they become stressful and inefficient, but still perform reasonably well, and do not break down completely.
Which answer does not represent a reasonable solution of the catch 22 of supervisory control?
a) Use simulators to train emergency situations.
b) ensure that the human supervisor has some freedom to make errors.
c) develop an interface, such as an SPDS, that enables humans to look at the big picture.
d) Specify tasks and norms, such that the human supervisor knows what the appropriate target is.
d) Specify tasks and norms, such that the human supervisor knows what the appropriate target is.
The term ‘mode error’ relates to…
a) a particular functioning arrangement or condition of automation.
b) an arrangement of the eight tones of an octave in the context of auditory displays.
c) stationary vibration patterns in motion platforms.
d) the most frequent value of a set of data in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA).
a) a particular functioning arrangement or condition of automation.
If a RADAR machine provides unbiased random errors with a standard deviation of 10m, and if the RADAR operator provides unbiased random errors with a standard deviation of 20m, then what is the most logical strategy for improving man-machine systems performance (assuming equal cost to reduce the standard deviation with a fixed amount)?
a) Improve the accuracy of the machine.
b) Offer a training program to the operator, or replace him/her with a different operator.
c) calibrate the machine
d) it does not matter whether one chooses to improve the human or the machine.
b) Offer a training program to the operator, or replace him/her with a different operator.
If one considers the effects of stress on operator perception, what would not be a suitable design consideration?
a) minimize information dispersal over multiple sources.
b) Present integrated information on a single display.
c) Use simple displays that do not require data transformation.
d) ensure that the operator is provided with salient information of each status variable.
d) ensure that the operator is provided with salient information of each status variable.
Which statement about safety culture is most correct?
a) safety culture is impossible to measure
b) safety culture changes on a day to day basis.
c) Safety culture starts with adequate procedures that enable training and awareness of worker
responsibility.
d) Safety culture is shared by employees and is revealed by practices on the work floor.
d) Safety culture is shared by employees and is revealed by practices on the work floor.
When a maritime safety researcher talks about an ‘impossible accident’, then what does (s)he mean?
a) that catastrophic shipping accidents, such as the one with the Titanic, are not technologically possible anymore.
b) That errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand.
c) That having many lines of defense ensures that accident probability approaches zero.
d) that the most effective defense is to initiate a go-around rather than to maneuver toward the target.
b) That errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand.
Which answer does not belong to an event tree?
a) a tree-like analytical diagram with a binary structure.
b) it begins with an initiating event and determines how this event can propagate in chronological order.
c) an inductive, bottom-up method.
d) AND and OR gates.
d) AND and OR gates.
AND and OR belongs to the FAULT tree
Which answer does not belong to slip and lapses?
a) examples are: exit from a roundabout on the wrong road, or having no clear recollection of the road just travelled.
b) unintentional errors.
c) They are strongly related to the individual’s predisposition towards risk, bad habits, and social deviance.
d) They are strongly related to one’s skill and talent.
c) They are strongly related to the individual’s predisposition towards risk, bad habits, and social deviance.
When a person experciences a hazardous situation then what type of eye gaze pattern is most probable?
a) Increased fixation duration.
b) decreased fixation duration
c) Increased saccadic amplitude
d) increased smooth pursuits.
a) Increased fixation duration.
Which answer does not relate to acceleration onset cueing?
a) initial accelerations are modeled in accordance with the real vehicle.
b) in order to keep within the physical limits of the motion system, the platform smoothly goes back to neutral, and below perceptual thresholds of the vestibular and haptic systems.
c) it allows the operator to become aware of the vehicle response before visual cues are detected.
d) Sustained tilt is a crucial aspect.
d) Sustained tilt is a crucial aspect.
The full body illusion is…
a) a hypothesis which holds that when avatars look (and/or move) almost, but not exactly, lite natural human beings, this causes a response of revulsion.
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body.
c) also known as ‘The Spinning Dancer’ or the ‘silhouette illusion’, a kinetic multi-stable optical illusion.
d) a state of mind where one feels ‘complete’ or euphoric.
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body.
The simulation argument states that…
a) both intrinsic and augmented feedback improve performance during simulator-based (driver) training.
b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.
c) simulators do not have to be physically realistic in order to guarantee optimal training effectiveness.
d) the human sensor systems are constantly attempting to maintain postural stability when in a simulation environment.
b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this.
What is a characteristic of highly automated driving?
a) the driver should always monitor the environment and automation system
b) either longitudinal control or lateral control is automated
c) the human may receive a request to intervene, also called a ‘take-over request’
d) it is the same as autonomous driving
c) the human may receive a request to intervene, also called a ‘take-over request’
The catch 22 of supervisory control relates to…
a) the idea that in supervisory control the human operator will eventually get bored
b) the idea that in supervisory control the human operator will eventually break the rules and take risks
c) the idea that in supervisory control there is no opportunity to learn from errors
d) the idea that in supervisory control the human operator is decimated to nothingness
c) the idea that in supervisory control there is no opportunity to learn from errors
Which statement relates to the Roseborough dilemma?
a) the normative action of a decision aid cannot be computed
b) humans are not good at vigilance tasks
c) humans are not good at manual control tasks
d) humans will eventually disuse automation
a) the normative action of a decision aid cannot be computed
What can be said about the distinction between errors and violations?
a) Violations are intentional deviations; errors are not
b) violations are intended to harm; errors are not
c) violations are easier to remedy than errors
d) violations are measurable while errors generally are not
a) Violations are intentional deviations; errors are not
What is a predictor of simulator sickness?
a) being male
b) a greater number of years of experience in the real-life task
c) being younger
d) a smaller field of view of the simulator’s visual display
b) a greater number of years of experience in the real-life task
“Live, virtual, and constructive simulation” is a taxonomy describing whether…
a) the simulation involves real-time, historic, or futuristic/predictive scenarios
b) the simulation involves real and/or simulated people and systems
c) the simulation involves one human, zero humans, or multiple humans
d) the simulation is photorealistic or an abstraction of the real environment
b) the simulation involves real and/or simulated people and systems
Situation awareness is…
a) the state of being aware of one’s presence in a situation, especially the feeling of presence in a virtual environment
b) a form of ‘flashbulb memory’, that is, clear episodic memories of unique or emotional events
c) a form of meta-cognition, that is, knowledge about one’s own skills and memory capabilities
d) put simply, ‘knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do’
d) put simply, ‘knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do’
The full body illusion is…
a) a hypothesis which holds that when avatars look (and/or move) almost, but not exactly, like natural human beings, this causes a response of revulsion
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body
c) also known as “the spinning dancer” or the “silhouette illusion”, a kinetic multi-stable optica illusion
d) a state of mind where one feels ‘complete’ or euphoric
b) an illusion where one regards a mannequin doll as one’s own body
Which statement about stress is FALSE?
a) humans physiologically experience stress through shaking, slowed digestion, dilation of the pupil, tunnel vision, increased heart rate, or constriction of blood vessels (but dilation of blood vessels in muscles)
b) a stress response is a mechanism to help humans in life-or-death situations, and is also referred to as the ‘fight or flight’ response or hyperarousal
c) stress reduces information intake and causes a systematic distortion of perceptual space-time
d) during stressful situations, a SPDS is known to be a very distracting element
d) during stressful situations, a SPDS is known to be a very distracting element
The simulation argument states that…
a) both intrinsic and augmented feedback improve performance during simulator-based (driver) training
b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this
c) simulators do not have to be physically realistic in order to guarantee optimal training effectiveness
d) the human sensor systems are constantly attempting to maintain postural stability when in a simulation environment
b) it is quite possible that reality as we know it is a computer simulation, and that most people are unaware of this
When a marine safety researcher talks about an ‘impossible accident’ then what does (s)he mean?
a) that catastrophic shipping accidents, such as the one with the Titanic, are extremely unlikely nowadays
b) that having many lines of defense ensures that accident probability approaches zero
c) that errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand
d) that, paradoxically, shipmasters should steer toward the object in order to avoid a collision with that object. The phenomenon can also be observed during the Indianapolis 500
c) that errors did not look like errors at the time they were made, and that accidents looked impossible beforehand
