Gaming Addiction and Compulsive buying

Question 1

What are the types of gaming?

Answer 1

Recreational and social gaming
online single and multiplayer games (e.g., WoW)
Offline (digital device games)
Nongambling games

Question 2

What are the potential benefits of gaming?

Answer 2

Educational (e.g., learning to drive)
Rehabilitation (e.g., retraining the brain post injury)
Cognitive (e.g., maintenance of cognitive functioning in older adults or being part of a community for ostracized kids)

Question 3

What would be considered excessive gaming?

Answer 3

Think of the normal curve, when it becomes more than the average person’s level of gaming it can be considered excessive

Question 4

Can a game be considered an intoxicant?

Answer 4

The research is controversial

Question 5

What are some mental health consequences of excessive internet gaming?

Answer 5

Depression, Anxiety, ADHD, Addiction

Question 6

What are some behavioural consequences of excessive internet gaming?

Answer 6

Violence/crime, accident/injury, online risky behaviour

Question 7

What are some physical health consequences of excessive internet gaming?

Answer 7

Vision, Musculoskeletal problems, sleep problem/Insomnia, sudden death. Physical problems from lack of exercise. Not eating healthy or malnourished from not eating enough. Failure to attend to personal hygiene.

Question 8

What are some functional consequences of excessive internet gaming

Answer 8

Cognitive function, familial/social problems, academic problems, occupational problems

Question 9

In terms of video games, what might be causing the behavioural addiction?

Answer 9

In video games, gaming stimiuli (e..g, defeating an enemy, sounds, visuals) may activate the brain reward systems and become reinforcing

Question 10

What are the criteria for a gaming disorder in the DSM5?

Answer 10

• Preoccupation with internet games
• withdrawals and symptoms when internet gaming is taken away
• tolerance
• unsuccessful attempts to control
• loss of interest in other areas of life
• continued use despite knowledge of psychological problems
• use of gaming to escape or relieve a negative mood
• has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job or career because of participation in internet games

Question 11

What is the criteria for a gaming disorder in the ICD-11?

Answer 11

Pattern of persistent or recurrent gaming behaviour (digital gaming or video gaming) manifested by…

1. Impaired control over gaming
2. Increased priority given to gaming to the extent that gaming takes precedence over other life interests and daily activities
3. Continuation or escalation of gaming despite the occurrence of negative consequences

Question 12

What is the game transfer phenomenon?

Answer 12

When virtual worlds bleed into real life
Carry over effects from video games into real life
One gamer saw a list of potential responses pop up after he was insulted. People with severe GTP are more likely to have problematic or addictive gaming habits. People who score high on this variable also score high on internet gaming disorder scales

Question 13

What are the issues with gaming disorder?

Answer 13

The quality of the research base is low, clinical studies are scarce and suffer from low sample sizes. The current operationalization of the construct leans too heavily on substance use and gambling criteria. No consensus on symptomatology and assessment of problematic gambling.

Question 14

What might moral panics around the harms of video gaming result in?

Answer 14

Premature application of a clinical diagnosis and the treatment of abundant false positive cases, especially among children and adolescents. Research will be locked into a confirmatory approach rather than the exploration of the boundaries of normal vs. pathological gaming. The healthy majority of gamers will be affected by stigma and perhaps even changes in policy

Question 15

Is addictive gaming rare or common?

Answer 15

relatively rare, not everyone will exhibit the exact same symptoms

Question 16

What is the prevalence of excessive gaming in Asia?

Answer 16

Prevalence of problematic internet use among adolescents in six Asian countries (china, hong kong, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and the phillipines) was between 6% and 21% (relatively high, Gambling is around 1%) . In China, several surveys have been conducted, with prevalence rates for internet addiction between 10% and 15%. In a large random sample survey of Chinese adolescents, the prevalence of internet addiction was 10%

Question 17

What is the prevalence in North America and Europe?

Answer 17

Prevalence of online gambling disorder is low overall. But has a wide range from under 1% to 10% Most studies find prevalence rates in youth between 1% and 5%

Question 18

What is the prevalence of gaming disorder in general?

Answer 18

The prevalence in 37 cross sectional studies widely ranged from 0.7 to 27.5%. Higher among males than females in the vast majority of studies Tended to be higher among younger rather than older people. Geographical region (Asia, Europe, Australia) made little difference to prevalence

Question 19

What are the biological aspects of gaming?

Answer 19

Neurobiology of gaming addiction. Molecular level: Internet and gaming addiction are linked to a reward system deficiency, as indicated by low dopaminergic activity. Neurocircuitry level: prolonged use of the Internet and gaming has been found to result in alterations in neuromorphometry (neuroadaptations) Behavioral level: Internet and gaming addiction negatively impact on cognitive functioning

Question 20

What are the psychological aspects of gaming

Answer 20

Types and vulnerable factors: Emotional vulnerability (depression and anxiety), Socializing need (harm avoidant, social phobic and narcissism), impulsivity/aggression (Lack of executive control, neuro developmental mismatch, ADHD/conduct/anti social)

Question 21

What are the social aspects of gaming?

Answer 21

IGD is associated with problems with peers, being bullied and bullying others, and having friends who are addicted to video games. Low social self efficacy, loneliness and reduced family relationship quality have been reported to be associated with IGD. People with IGD are more likely to live in a socially isolated environments compared to those without IGD (e.g., living with one parent, or low parental supervision
Low SES and living in rural areas associated with IGD.

Question 22

What can happen among those whose lives are dominated by online gaming?

Answer 22

Among people whose lives are dominated by online gaming (i.e., spend 10 or more hours per day gaming), they experience problems due to
Sleep deprivation, day–night reversal, dehydration, malnutrition, seizures, and pressure sores.
Irritability, physical aggression, depression, and a range of social, academic, and vocational problems. Death (in extreme cases; e.g., when binge gaming) cause by deep vein thrombosis

Question 23

What are some societal consequences of gaming?

Answer 23

The socioeconomic loss due to excessive Internet use in the Republic of Korea was estimated at between 1.5 and 4.5 billion US dollars in 2009. In Korea, “Internet addiction” mostly from gaming has been identified as the largest health problem experienced by young people. In one European population-based study, individuals with online gaming addiction reported inability to work or fulfill normal activities on 7.5 days in the last 12 months which compared with 4.1 days for depression, 7.5 days for social phobia, and 7.2 days for cardiovascular conditions

Question 24

Is compulsive buying recognizes as a behavioural addiction?

Answer 24

No, not in the DSM-5 or ICD

Question 25

What is shopping?

Answer 25

Everyone shops Its how we get necessities (e.g., food and clothing) and luxury items (e.g., home décor) In 2016, Americans spent over 4.8 trillion on retail purchases alone In the last decade, it is easier to buy things within 24 hours (e.g., online shopping) In 2016, Canadians psent 19.2 billion dollars on internet purchases

Question 26

When does shopping turn into compulsive buying?

Answer 26

What differentiates regular shopping versus a more problematic behaviour is excessive preoccupation and low impulse control. There has to be some sort of functional impairment. The purchase alleviates distress and/or produces euphoria

Question 27

History of compulsive buying

Answer 27

In 1915, A German psychiatrist, Emil Kraepelin, was the first to describe compulsive buying as an impulsive insanity. People suffering from compulsive buying experience repetitive, irresistible, and overpowering urges to purchase goods. In general, the goods are inexpensive and useless, Income has relatively little to do with compulsive buying

Question 28

What are the 4 phases of compulsive buying?

Answer 28

Anticipation: thoughts and urges start. They may focus on a specific item or the act of shopping itself Preparation: research and decision making taking place. A person may look into sales or debate about where to go shopping Shopping: shopping happens. This is the so-called "thrill of the hunt" the person gets a "high" while doing it' Spending: something, or many things, are purchased. The person is sad that the shopping experience is over and may be disappointed about how much they’ve spent afterwards.

Question 29

What are the clinical symptoms of CBD?

Answer 29

Excessive preoccupation with shopping. Poor impulse control (i.e., urges that can only be satisfied when a purchase is made) Mood modification (Buyers high or dampen unpleasant emotions or negative mood) Guilt and remorse in response to shopping Adverse consequences due to shopping (e.g., marital conflict and financial problems)

Question 30

What is the richmond compulsive buying scale?

Answer 30

involves questions about obsessive compulsive buying and impulsive buying

Question 31

What is the Online shopping addiction scale 2017?

Answer 31

Assesses Salience, tolerance, Mood modification Withdrawal, Relapse, Conflict

Question 32

What is the prevalence of compulsive buying?

Answer 32

Because of differences in measures and sampling frames used, the prevalence of compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is uncertain. A 2006 study showed that 5.8% of respondents to a telephone survey in the US have CBD. Studies have shown that CBD is more prevalent among women and has its onset in the late teens and early adulthood

Question 33

What did a recent meta analysis indicate about the prevalence of compulsive buying?

Answer 33

the prevalence of compulsive buying ranged from approximately 5% to 16%

Question 34

What are some biological antecedents of CBD?

Answer 34

Familial history of CBD, SUDs, and emotional disorders. Suggests that CBD may be heritable. Thought to increase DA in the brain However, biological research on CBD is lacking, Need twin studies and biological studies on genes as well as neurobiological studies

Question 35

What are some psychological antecedents of CBD?

Answer 35

``` Perfectionistic traits Materialism Impulsiveness Low self esteem Negative affect and stress (e.g., mood disorders) ```

Question 36

What is the escape theory of materialism?

Answer 36

1. Falling short of ones standards 2. Self blame 3. Focus on the self (ie., acutely high self awareness) 4. Experience aversive negative emotions 5. Deconstructed state characterized by cognitive narrowing 6. Impulsive behavior to bring short term relief

Question 37

What are some social antecedents?

Answer 37

Accesibility of shopping (e.g., shopping channels, the internet) Ease and availability of credit cards ACEs: Emotional neglect, Dysfunctional household (mental illness and SUDs) Parents who use money and/or gifts are a means of positive reinforcement

Question 38

What is a cognitive behavioural model of CBD?

Answer 38

Phase 1: antecedents, phase 2: triggers, Phase ;3: buying, Phase 4: post-purchase

Question 39

What are effects of GTP on the game transfer phenomenon scale?

Answer 39

Altered perceptions (visual, body, auditory submodalities) Automatic mental processes modality, actions and behaviours modality.