Addictions and crime and LGBTQ

Question 1

What were early day addictions seen to reflect?

Answer 1

Early days addictions (like sexual offending) was seen to reflect moral depravity.
People chose to be addicts. This lead to punitive approaches (and resultant poor efficacy of treatment

Question 2

What are the big 4 risk factors of criminal conduct?

Answer 2

History of antisocial behaviour, antisocial personality pattern, Antisocial cognition, antisocial associates. High mean correlation with criminal conduct. Minor and moderate risk factors are less correlated

Question 3

What are some addiction specific assessments

Answer 3

AUDIT (alcohol use disorders, identification test) NIDAMED, CAGE AID, AUDIT C, DAST-10, CASA-CSC

Question 4

When compared to offenders with a similar criminal history, those with substance abuse both _________________

Answer 4

Both started committing crimes at a younger age and continued committing crimes later in life

Question 5

Are offender populations high risk or low risk samples?

Answer 5

High risk samples, they often experience comorbidity and are have high drug abuse/dependence and alcohol abuse/dependence

Question 6

What do prevalence rates of offender populations imply for treatments?

Answer 6

Mental health and addictions are clear treatment areas

Question 7

what are drug courts?

Answer 7

Drug court participants are provided intensive treatment and other services for a minimum of one year. There are frequent court appearances and random drug testing, with sanctions and incentives to encourage compliance and completion.

Question 8

what does succesful completion of a drug court treatment program allow for?

Answer 8

Successful completion of the treatment program results in dismissal of the charges, reduced or set-aside sentences, lesser penalties, or a combination of these. Most important, graduating participants gain the necessary tools to rebuild their lives.

Question 9

What kind of effect do drug courts have on recidivism?

Answer 9

have a tangible effect on criminal recidivism.
DOJ national study examined re-arrest rates for drug court graduates: 84% of drug court graduates have not been re-arrested and charged with a serious crime in the first year after graduation. 72.5% have no arrests at the two-year mark.

Question 10

What did urban institute find about the finacial benefits of drug courts?

Answer 10

drug courts provided $2.21 in benefits to the criminal justice system for every $1 invested

Question 11

What has been happening since 1989 with drug courts?

Answer 11

Since 1989, drug courts have been established or are being planned in all 50 States

Question 12

What percentage of counties in the united states are served by drug courts?

Answer 12

47%

Question 13

How much do drug courts reduce crime?

Answer 13

by an average of 8 to 26 percentage points; well-administered drug courts were found to reduce crime rates by as much as 35 percent, compared to traditional case dispositions.

Question 14

how do drug courts in Canada work?

Answer 14

Application process, Crown screening, admission process, DTC program participation, Program completion,

Question 15

based on data since 2007, what is known about drug courts?

Answer 15

over 1000 individuals have participated in a federally funded Drug Treatment Court. Of these, 35% have either graduated or are still in the program. Of the remaining 65% that were returned to the regular court system, the majority of them had achieved some quality of life improvements (e.g., no longer homeless, received several months of addiction treatment and were connected to social supports within the community)

Question 16

What percentage of offenders report substance use that warrants intervention and using on the day of their crime?

Answer 16

70% of federal offenders report sufficient problems with substance abuse to warrant intervention .Of these, 80% report using on the day of their crimes.

Question 17

What seems to be successful treatment in prison?

Answer 17

Therapeutic communities in prison, all programs are proving to be successful

Question 18

Pathways (from intake assessment data) for creating differential profiles and treatment needs

Answer 18

Hedonistic-Impulsive Offender Scale
Poor Coping Offender Scale
Create Low versus High on each scale and examine implications for treatment

Question 19

What is the impact of the integration of services on corrections?

Answer 19

Substance abuse withdrawal upon admission.
Drug seeking behavior (Involvement in underground economy, Bringing in contraband, muscling & dealing, making brew)
Debt, misconducts (leads to increased security placement)
Protective custody

Question 20

What changes has homosexuality undergone in the DSM

Answer 20

Classification of gay, lesbian, and bisexual orientations underwent major changes in different editions
DSM-1: None
DSM-2: Sexual orientation disturbance
DSM-3: ego-dystonic homosexuality
DSM-3-Revised: dropped and in all subsequent editions
DSM-4-TR: included Gender Identity Disorder
DSM-5: Gender dysphoria

Question 21

What is ego dystonic homosexuality?

Answer 21

mental disorder characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one’s idealized self-image, causing anxiety and a desire to change one’s orientation or become more comfortable with one’s sexual orientation.

Question 22

What is gender identity disorder?

Answer 22

Not agreeing with your identity

Intense desire to be the opposite sex

Question 23

What is gender dysphoria?

Answer 23

the condition of feeling one’s emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one’s biological sex.

Question 24

What did lgbt used to be considered?

Answer 24

sexual deviance

Question 25

What were the significant methodological problems with the early epidemiological research?

Answer 25

Inconsistent definition of sexual orientation
Nonstandardized measures of substance use
Lack of control/comparison groups
Small non-random homogenous samples
Sampling bias
Bisexual, transgendered, and transsexual people are largely missing

Question 26

what was the estimated incidence of substance use dependence in this early body of work?

Answer 26

estimated incidence of substance use dependence was 30% among LGBT people compared to ~10% for the general population

Question 27

What does the more recent epidemiological research indicate about substance use?

Answer 27

Addiction is much less prevalent, but there is an increased rate of drug and alcohol dependence among LGBT people National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions in the US: 16.8% of gay-identified men met DSM-4 criteria for alcohol dependence compared to 6.1% of heterosexual-identified men, 13.3% of lesbian-identified women met DSM-4 criteria for cannabis dependence compared to 0.2% of heterosexual-identified women (same with alcohol use)Nonheterosexual orientation is associated with higher risk of substance use and dependence

Question 28

What are psychosocial factors unique to LGBT individuals?

Answer 28

Stigma and phobia based on sexual orientation and gender identity
Coming out
Youth and coming out
Social settings as triggers for substance use

Question 29

Where do the most common problems that LGBT people face stem from?

Answer 29

The most common problems that LGBT people face mainly stem from homophobia, heterosexism and transphobia

Question 30

What did a review of 24 separate studies looking at anti gay experiences indicate?

Answer 30

80% of respondents had been verbally harassed
44% of respondents had been threatened with violence because of their sexual orientation
33% had been followed or chased
25% had objects thrown at them
13% had been spit upon

Question 31

What consequences stem from being a victim of heterosexism, and/or transphobia?

Answer 31

makes one’s sexual orientation itself become a source of pain and danger. When victims try to make sense of being attacked, many internalize the beliefs of their aggressors and thus believe that the attacks were justified punishments for being gay (internalized oppression). This internalized self-hatred can lead to profound feelings of anxiety, helplessness, and depression.

Question 32

How do people tend to cope?

Answer 32

Alcohol and drugs are common ways to cope with anxiety and depression. This reaction is not limited to the LGBT population. Studies sampling the general population find that victimization, violence, trauma, and ostracism have all been associated with increased rates of substance use

Question 33

How is heterosexism still pervading north america and legally sanctioned discrimination still common?

Answer 33

anti-sodomy laws persist in over half the state of the US
same-sex marriage is not legal in 44 states
in most places there are no legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Question 34

How is this discrimination different from ethnic minorities?

Answer 34

Repeated discrimination causes a profound sense of victimization. Unlike ethnic minorities, there is a lack of legal policies to protect LGBT people from discrimination, which leaves LGBT people feeling even more helpless

Question 35

Coming out and its relation to substance use

Answer 35

Coming out may help with overcoming the negative mental health consequences of anti-LGBT discrimination and victimization. Social identification with other LGBT people can be a protective/resiliency factor. LGBT people who have not come out experience more psychological distress Use substances to cope with distress

Question 36

What extra challenges does adolescence pose for LGBTQ

Answer 36

Adolescence is associated with experimentation and substance use. In addition to the usual difficulties of adolescence, LGBT youth have additional challenge of trying to understand their sexual orientation and gender identities and dealing with stigma from largely heterosexist peers, LGBT teens often feel helpless and alone

Question 37

What are the consequences of a lack of family acceptance?

Answer 37

Homelessness is a tragic consequence for many LGBT youth who are rejected by their families. Homeless youth who are sexual and ethnic minorities are at increased risk of resorting to sex trade for survival
Drugs used to enhance psychological state to do sex work and to cope with the stresses of resorting to sex work

Question 38

What are the social focus for LGBTQ people

Answer 38

Bars have become the focus of social life for many LGBT people. Drinking is associated with positive feelings of group membership. Drinking also decreases negative states

Question 39

What is present during most social experiences in the LGBT community

Answer 39

alcohol is present during their first social experiences in the LGBT community and first same-sex sexual encounters, and for some it becomes an integral part of these experiences in the future. A strong association is established between alcohol and most aspects of socializing, and the increased exposure to alcohol increases the risk of developing alcohol use disorders

Question 40

What are circuit parties?

Answer 40

Circuit parties are a popular venue with some gay men that exposes them to extremely high levels of drug use (can be a liberating experience) For many gay men, these parties are sexually charged and a celebration of sexual liberation that help to define their gay identity

Question 41

What is common at circuit parties?

Answer 41

Club drugs (ecstasy, ketamine, GHB, meth) are commonplace at circuit parties. For many, it is their first exposure to these substances.

Question 42

What was the first LGBT specific addiction center

Answer 42

the Pride Institute in Minnesota (1986) Small number of LGBT-specific addiction treatment centers, still a long way to go

Question 43

Who are LGBT specific treatment centers helpful for?

Answer 43

People who are struggling with coming out and are not yet comfortable discussing their personal lives
People for whom inner conflict about one’s sexual orientation or gender identity is a significant factor in their drug or alcohol use
Trauma victims of homophobic or transphobic attacks
People for whom drug-associated activities, such as compulsive sex with methamphetamine, are difficult to discuss in a general population setting