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ISU > Games, Exercise & Baths > Flashcards

Games, Exercise & Baths Flashcards

1
Q

Women were allowed to join in outdoor sports with men.

A

False

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2
Q

What ground did the Campus Maritus include? (3)

A

All the level ground between the Tiber and the Capitoline and Quirinal Hills.

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3
Q

What were the sports on the Campus Maritus grouped together as?

A

Track and field athletics.

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4
Q

How do we know the sports played at the Campus Maritus are much the same as they are today?

A

From Vergil’s description in the Aeneid.

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5
Q

The sports played at the Campus Maritus are much the same as they are today, except for which ones?

A

The ball games.

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6
Q

What was the basest of all Roman ball games?

A

Throwing and catching.

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7
Q

What three things were the balls usually filled with?

A

Hair, feathers or air.

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8
Q

Describe the rules of the Roman game resembling modern day handball.

A

A ball was struck with the open hand against a wall, and after it had bounced on the ground, was again struck on the wall.

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9
Q

What was the aim of the game resembling handball?

A

To keep the ball in motion longer than your opponent.

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10
Q

How would you play a game called trigon?

A

Played by three people, each standing at one angle of an equilateral triangle. Two balls were used, and a player tried to throw his ball at the opponent least likely to catch it.

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11
Q

Why were games of chance forbidden by law?

A

Because of all the gambling involved.

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12
Q

When was gambling unrestricted?

A

During the Saturnalia in December.

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13
Q

Public opinion allowed whom to gamble any time of the year?

A

Old men

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14
Q

What was the most common form of gambling?

A

“Heads or Tails”

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15
Q

Another common Roman game of chance was much like our “Odd or Even”. How did they play it?

A

Each player guessed whether the number of counters held by another was odd or even. The stake was usually the contents of the hand.

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16
Q

What are ‘tali’?

A

Knucklebones

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17
Q

What two animals were knucklebones made of?

A

Sheep and goat.

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18
Q

What three materials made up knucklebones imitations?

A

Stone, bronze and ivory

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19
Q

Who were knucklebones used by? (2)

A

By men in gambling and by children as toys.

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20
Q

What game did children play with tali?

A

A game like jackstones: they’d throw five tali in the air at once and catch as many as they could on the back of their hands.

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21
Q

How were tali used in gambling?

A

Four tali were thrown from a hand or a dicebox and the side on which the bone rested was the one that counted.

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22
Q

If the tali were numbered, how were they numbered?

A

With 1, 3, 4 and 6.

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23
Q

Which numbers never showed up on a tali?

A

2 and 5

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24
Q

How many tali throws were counted?

A

Thirty-five

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25
Q

What was the lowest possible tali throw?

A

Four aces (Vulture)

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26
Q

What was the highest possible tali throw?

A

When all the tali lay differently (Venus)

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27
Q

What is dice in Latin?

A

Tesserae

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28
Q

What were dice made of? (3)

A

Ivory, stone, or close-grained wood

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29
Q

When playing with dice, what side counted?

A

The side that came up.

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30
Q

What was the aim of every player in ordinary gambling?

A

To throw a higher number than his opponent.

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31
Q

What was the simple bathhouse of earlier times and the bath itself called?

A

balneum or balnea

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32
Q

The more complex bathing establishments of later times were called what?

A

balneae

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33
Q

The very largest of the bathhouse were called what?

A

thermae.

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34
Q

When were public baths first heard of?

A

After the Second Punic War

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35
Q

How many baths were operating in Rome in the year 33 BC?

A

At least 170

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36
Q

In the later years of Rome, how many baths were in operation?

A

Over 800

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37
Q

Public baths were free to the population.

A

False. Free baths did not exist.

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38
Q

In the year 33 BC, ________ kept _______ public baths in Rome free of charge.

A

…Agrippa…170

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39
Q

Why were some of the first public baths opened and by whom were they opened? (2)

A

They were opened by individuals for speculative purposes or built by wealthy men as gifts to their native towns.

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40
Q

Who managed the public baths?

A

The town authorities kept the buildings in repair and the baths open.

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41
Q

The regular fee at a public bath for men in Rome was how much on average?

A

quadrans (a quarter of a cent).

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42
Q

What was the bather responsible to bring?

A

Their own towels, oil and anything else they wanted.

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43
Q

How much did women pay in public baths?

A

More, perhaps twice as much as men.

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44
Q

How much did children pay for public baths.

A

Nothing. ‘Twas free.

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45
Q

What four things were necessary for a luxurious bath?

A

A warm anteroom, a hot bath, a cold bath, and rubbing and anointing with oil.

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46
Q

How many rooms were often set aside for bathing?

A

At least three rooms, often five or six.

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47
Q

What was the changing room?

A

apodyterium

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48
Q

Describe the apodyterium. (3)

A

Usually unheated, furnished with benches and compartments for clothes.

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49
Q

What was the warm anteroom?

A

tepidarium

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50
Q

What happened in the tepidarium?

A

Bathers waited until they started sweating, to avoid the danger of passing to suddenly into the hotter caldarium.

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51
Q

What was the hot room?

A

caldarium

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52
Q

What was the cold room?

A

frigidarium

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53
Q

What was the room for rubbing and anointing oils called?

A

unctorium

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54
Q

What was an additional hot room without water for a sweat bath called?

A

laconicum

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55
Q

What was a scraper?

A

strigilis

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56
Q

If a separate dressing room was omitted, where might a bather change?

A

In the cold or warm room, according to the weather.

57
Q

How were bathhouses heated in early times?

A

Charcoal stoves.

58
Q

What system was used to heat both rooms and water in a bathhouse?

A

Hypocaust

59
Q

Which rooms in the bathhouse would be closest to the furnace? (3)

A

The laconicum, caldarium and tepidarium.

60
Q

Which rooms would be furthest from the furnace? (2)

A

The frigidarium and apodyterium, as they had no need for heat.

61
Q

Describe the first floor of a bathhouse.

A

The first was even with the top of the firebox.

62
Q

Describe the second floor of a bathhouse.

A

The second was even with the top of the furnace.

63
Q

How many feet were in between the two floors of a bathhouse?

A

About two feet, through which hot air passed.

64
Q

Why would the caldarium not work as well as the laconicum as a sweat bath?

A

The air in the caldarium was very moist, while the air in the laconicum was really dry, so the effect would not be the same.

65
Q

What did the frigidarium usually only contain?

A

A cold plunge bath.

66
Q

The bather was often treated ______ in the unctorium. When were these times?

A

They were often treated twice, before the warm bath and after the cold.

67
Q

Which of the treatments in the unctorium might be omitted?

A

The first one

68
Q

What was the unctorium furnished with?

A

Benches and couches

69
Q

What would a bather bring to the unctorium? (3)

A

His own strigilis, towels and an oil flask.

70
Q

When there was no unctorium in the bathhouse, where would a bather get scraped down? (2)

A

In the apodyterium or tepidarium.

71
Q

When were baths usually taken?

A

Right before dinner (the eighth hour- two or three o’clock)

72
Q

When were managers of bathhouses bound by their contracts to have everything open and ready?

A

About the eighth hour (2 or 3 pm).

73
Q

Until when were baths usually open?

A

Until sunset

74
Q

Would baths in small towns or baths in cities be open later? Why?

A

Baths in small towns, as there would be fewer than in cities.

75
Q

In cities, where did women bathe?

A

There were baths that served only women.

76
Q

In towns, where did women bathe?

A

Rooms in the public baths were set aside for them.

77
Q

In villages, where did women bathe?

A

In the same place as men, but at different hours.

78
Q

When do we read about men and women bathing together?

A

Late in the Empire.

79
Q

Women who bathed with men had no claim to respectability.

A

True

80
Q

What made public baths so popular in Rome? (2)

A

Their varied features and social atmosphere.

81
Q

When was the private bathhouse in Caerwent, England thought to have been made? How big was it?

A

Around the time of Constantine (AD 307-337), and about 34x31 feet.

82
Q

Why was the Pompeian thermae so erratically and wastefully planned out?

A

The baths were built at various times with all sorts of alterations and additions.

83
Q

When were the Baths of Diocletian dedicated?

A

AD 305

84
Q

Where were the Baths of Diocletian?

A

The northeastern part of Rome.

85
Q

The Baths of Diocletian were second only to what in magnificence?

A

The Baths of Carcalla

86
Q

In the ________ century, __________ restored the ________ of the Baths of Diocletian as the Church of __________ (St. Mary of the Angels).

A

…sixteenth…Michelangelo….tepidarium….S. Maria degli Angeli…

87
Q

When were Romans able to enjoy public baths free of cost?

A

When a magistrate, public citizen, or candidate for office paid the charges for a definite time, or rich men could provide free baths in their will for a limited time

88
Q

What rooms were located on the east side of the exercise court of the Stabian baths?

A

The baths themselves

89
Q

How was a frigidarium used?

A

The primary function was for a cold plunge bath, and it could also be used as a dressing room.

90
Q

What shape was the caldarium in private baths?

A

Rectangular

91
Q

Where was the cold water basin placed in the caldarium of a public bath?

A

In the rounded end of the room

92
Q

What room was located next to the laconicum in the public baths?

A

The caldarium and then the tepidarium beside that

93
Q

Where was the playground of Rome located?

A

In the Campus Maritus

94
Q

What game did men often play before dinner for exercise?

A

Ball

95
Q

Where did younger men prefer to bathe besides the baths?

A

In the river

96
Q

What types of public baths existed? [5]

A

Plain, plunge, hot, and cold, as well as massage by trained men, almost always slaves.

97
Q

How many tali were used at once in gambling?

A

Four

98
Q

Where were the hot water tanks located in a Roman bath?

A

Over the furnace, just above the level of the upper floor

99
Q

Onto which area of the Stabian baths did the main entrance open?

A

The exercise ground

100
Q

What two physical activities did men participate in the country?

A

Hunting and fishing

101
Q

What room would be used for rubbing and anointing oils if there was no unctorium?

A

The tepidarium or apodyterium

102
Q

At what time of day did the old men go to the Campus Maritus to exercise

A

After lunch and siesta, before visiting the baths and dining

103
Q

Where did the early Romans bathe?

A

At home in a primitive washroom near the kitchen

104
Q

What track and field sports were played at the Campus Maritus?

A

Foot racing, jumping, throwing the discus, archery, wrestling and boxing

105
Q

In which city were the Stabian baths located?

A

Pompeii

106
Q

What throw in a game of tali designated the master of revels in a drinking party?

A

Venus

107
Q

What room, rare to a Roman bath, was found at the private baths in Caerwent, England?

A

A laconicum

108
Q

What names for Roman baths were used interchangeably?

A

Thermae and balnae

109
Q

Why was a cold room located in the women’s apodyterium in the Stabian baths?

A

Because women had no separate cold room

110
Q

Why was the entrance fee to some baths higher than others?

A

Some baths were more elaborately furnished, luxurious and exclusive

111
Q

Describe the hypocaust system.

A

Hot air from a furnace circulated under the floors and in the walls, and the temperature of the rooms depended on its proximity to the furnace

112
Q

After which war were public baths first heard of?

A

The Second Punic War

113
Q

Why was there a cold bath in the warm room in a public bath in Pompeii?

A

Perhaps it was for invalids who found even the swimming pool too cold

114
Q

What sports did men practice as useful training to be a soldier?

A

Riding, fencing, wrestling, throwing the discus, and swimming

115
Q

How many balls were used in a Roman game of trigon?

A

Two

116
Q

What type of bath was located in an exercise ground of a large bathhouse?

A

A pool was located at one side of the exercise ground for a cold plunge

117
Q

Where on the Campus Maritus was the old drill ground for soldiers located?

A

On the northeastern portion of the plain, bounded on two sides by the river

118
Q

What was located on the west side of the exercise court at the Stabian baths?

A

A bowling alley

119
Q

What amenities dd baths provide? [5]

A

Exercise grounds, gymnastic apparatus, courts for games, rooms for reading and conversation and libraries.

120
Q

During which time period were bath extremely symmetrical?

A

During the late Empire

121
Q

What shape was the water heater found in the hot pool in the caldarium?

A

Semi-cylindrical

122
Q

Where were baths often built?

A

Near hot or mineral springs

123
Q

How often did Romans bathe in the last century of the Republic?

A

Every day

124
Q

What item did the warm room of the Stabian baths have that was abnormal?

A

A cold bath

125
Q

In the Stabian baths at Pompeii, what were the rooms opening onto surrounding streets used for?

A

They were shops and stores independent from the baths

126
Q

What did a Roman tesserae look like?

A

Like a modern dice, each marked with dots one to six in number

127
Q

How is the general construction and arrangement of ancient Roman baths made known to modern people? [3]

A

By the ruins that have been excavated, what Vitruvius wrote about their construction, and by the countless allusions in Latin literature.

128
Q

Describe the balls used in Roman ball games.

A

They were different sizes, filled with hair, feathers or air.

129
Q

Where did gambling often take place?

A

Gambling resorts and private houses

130
Q

What type of bath did a bather have after being scraped by the strigil?

A

A cold bath

131
Q

Where was the cold water basin placed in the caldarium of a private bathhouse?

A

In the corner

132
Q

What lay behind the bowling alley of the Stabian baths?

A

A pool open to the sun

133
Q

Was there a laconicum in the Stabian baths?

A

No

134
Q

Which specific Roman men of high position often exercised on the Campus?

A

Caesar, Maecenas, and Augustus

135
Q

How often did the early Romans bathe?

A

They bathed fully once a week, and washed their arms and legs every day.

136
Q

How many dressing rooms were on the men’s side of the Stabian baths?

A

two

137
Q

What was located near the top of the hot pool in the caldarium?

A

An overflow pipe, could be opened to allow water to run on the floor for scrubbing

138
Q

To which Roman Emperor can one date the private baths found in Caerwent, England?

A

Constantine

139
Q

Where were the hot water tanks located in a Roman bath?

A

Over the furnace, just above the level of the upper floor.

ISU (4 decks)

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