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SR-334 > GAMES > Flashcards

GAMES Flashcards

1
Q

Optimal Performance Factors in Intermittent Sport

A
  • psychomotor skills
  • kinaesthetic awareness
  • agility
  • technique
  • flexibility
  • endurance
  • strength
  • speed/power
  • anthropometry
  • tactics
  • mental skills
  • nutrition / hydration
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2
Q

Internal Load - Soccer Training

A

Physiological assessment of:
- anatomical
- physiological
- biochemical and
- functional changes
Specific to the sport discipline/ training outcome

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3
Q

External Load - Soccer Training

A
  • quality, quantity and organisation of physical ex described by external work imposed by coach on athletes
  • not appropriate in soccer, training based on group-based training exercises
  • physiological stress / internal load induced by such training often varies in individuals
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4
Q

Interval Training - Fixed vs Heart Rate Recovery

A
  • 1 min recovery vs HR less than 120bpm
  • average split times fatster for HR recovery (00:40.3s) than fixed recovery (00:44.1s)
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5
Q

Impellizzeri et al., 2005 - Physiological Assessment of Aerobic Training Outcome and Process in soccer

A
  • improves interpretation of physical tests used to verify the effectiveness of training programmes
  • evaluate organisation of the training load to design periodisation strategies
  • identify athletes that are poor responders
  • control compliance of training completed to that planned by the coach
  • modify training process before assessment of its outcome, optimising soccer performance
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6
Q

Training Outcome

A
  • a consequence of the internal training load determined by individual characteristics (genetic factors, previous training) and the quality, quantity and organisation of the external training load
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7
Q

Williams 1987 - Multiple Sprint Activities

A
  • sports involving high-intensity or max efforts interspersed with periods of incomplete recovery are termed ‘multiple sprint activities’
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8
Q

Field-Based Measures for Investigating Intermittent Exercise

A
  • notational analysis (video camera) of real life patterns
  • portable metabolic analysers (Lactate pro) provide additional info on metabolic pathways behind movements
  • GPS characterise actual movements in match play
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9
Q

Lab-Based Measures for Investigating Intermittent Exercise

A
  • models of intermittent ex (not real game play) allow precise prescription of dose of exercise to metabolic response
  • lab analysis of venous bloods provide in depth analysis of metabolism
  • muscle biopsy provide molecular answers on involvement of metabolic pathways
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10
Q

O’Donaghue and Parker, 2000 - Time Motion Analysis in Premier League

A
  • 38 matches analysed
  • work : rest ratio was 1 : 8.9 in total time
  • work : rest ratio was 1 : 4.5 in-ball play
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11
Q

McLean, 1992 - Time Motion Analysis in 5 Nations

A
  • all matches analysed
  • work : rest ratio 1:1.1-1.9 in-ball play time
  • scrum, line-out, ruck or maul occurred every 33s
  • blood lactate max values ranged from 5.8-9.8mmol.L-1, suggests large contribution to exercise performance (29/80 min) was largely due to anaerobic glycolytic pathways
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12
Q

McInnes et al., 1992 - Time Motion Analysis in Basketball

A
  • 10±52 high-intensity runs by elite players
  • 1.7s = mean sprint duration
  • high intensity run every 21s
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13
Q

O’Donoghue and Ingram, 2001 - Notational Analysis of Tennis

A
  • rallies were longer in french open vs all other comps (P<0.05)
  • rallies were shorter in Wimbledon vs all other comps (P<0.05)
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14
Q

Cronin and Templeton, 2008 - Infra-Red Timing Gates

A
  • commonly undertaken using infra-red gates
  • provide reliable measurements of sprint performance over short intervals (10m)
  • offer specificity of field testing to games athletes
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15
Q

GPS

A
  • estimate total work and distribution of work done on the field
  • general volume considerations are what type of technology is effective with smoothing out unplanned spikes in loading
  • e.g PLAYERTEK
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16
Q

Key GPS Metrics in Team Sportss

A
  • total distance
  • relative distance
  • high intensity running (cruising, sprinting)
  • low intensity activity (walking, jogging)
  • impact / collision
  • acceleration / deceleration
  • player load
  • metabolic power
17
Q

Duffield et al., 2010 - GPS Systems

A
  • generalisation of findings is limited as validity and reliability of a GPS device may be affected by the manufacturer and the sampling rate
18
Q

Waldron et al., 2010 - GPS Systems

A
  • reliability of current devices is constantly evaluated
  • user caution is needed to utilise equipment to assess sprinting activity
19
Q

Brooks et al., 1990 - Lab Methods for Investigating Intermittent Exercise

A
  • many studies use protocols that replicate typical patterns of multiple sprint activities but remain well controlled in a lab environment
  • facilitates better insight into physiology of games
  • focus of this work has dealt with metabolic and cardio-respiratory responses to repeated bouts of max-ex with some work on diet manipulation
20
Q

Power Output During Intermittent Maximal Exercise

A
  • power output during a sprint can be many times more than that achieved during a test of VO2max
21
Q

Gaitanos et al., 1983 - Power Output

A
  • PPO during 6s cycle sprint 5x greater than power output at VO2max
  • subsequent sprints with insufficient recovery produce significant reductions in power output
22
Q

Gaitanos et al., 1983 - Energy and Fuel Use

A
  • sprint 1 energy production (mmol ATP/kg dm) 89.3±13.4, sprint 10 = 31.6±14.7
  • ATP utilisation, sprint 1 = 6.3%, sprint 10 = 3.8%
  • Glycolysis sprint 1 = 44.1%, sprint 10 = 16.1%
  • PCr utilisation sprint 1 = 49.6%, sprint 10 = 80.1%
23
Q

Balsom et al., 1994 - Aerobic Fitness and Intermittent Exercise Recovery

A
  • a reduced I-Ex performance under reduced O2 availability
  • power output reduced in hypoxia vs normal and blood lactate was greater with hypoxia
24
Q

Hamilton et al., 1991 - Aerobic Fitness and Intermittent Exercise Recovery

A
  • high level of aerobic fitness may convey an enhanced ability to resist fatigue during sprinting
25
Q

LIST (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test)

A
  • produceable test closely stimulates activity patterns of soccer in non-contact environment
  • standardised in intensity and duration and facilitates employment of various interventions such as diet manipulation
26
Q

Physiological Responses to LIST

A
  • sprint times = 2.42±0.04s for 15m sprints
  • heart rates = 171bpm (Part A), 175bpm (Part B)
  • RPE = 8 (Part A), 10 (Part B)
  • blood glucose = M=6.3mmol/L
  • blood lactate = M=5.7mmol/L
  • body mass = 2.7% (~2kg)
27
Q

LIST Protocol - Part A

A
  • total distance covered = 11.1km
  • 3x20m at walking pace
  • 1x20m at max running speed
  • 4s recovery
  • 3x20m at 55% VO2max running speed
  • 3x20m at 95% VO2max running speed
28
Q

LIST Protocol - Part B

A
  • continued to exhaustion
  • 1x20m at 55%VO2max running speed
  • 1x20m at 95%VO2max running speed
29
Q

Bracken and Brooks, 2010 - Intermittent Sprint Training

A
  • 3 sessions (~45min-1hour) per week for 7 weeks
  • test consisted of 10x6s cycle sprints with 30s recovery between each sprint
  • pedal revolution and power output increase following 7 weeks of sprint training
  • 14% increase in work done (P=0.005)
30
Q

Jenkins et al., 1994 - Sprint Ability Improvements After 3 Weeks Training

A

-10x6s cycle sprint, 24s passive recovery, 3 times per week for 3 weeks (9 sessions)
- power output improved with sprint training
- Blac was increased following training
- no change in blood pH
- greater PO was due to improved GMP, but the increase in Blac suggests greater anaerobic glycolysis
- unaltered pH suggests improved intramuscular buffering preventing an increase in acidoses and this would facilitate a quicker PCr resynthesis
- resting muscle glycogen increased 26%
- resting citrate synthase increased 38%
- 2 weeks of SIT increases muscle oxidative potential and doubles endurance capacity during intense cycling

31
Q

Aerobic Adaptations to Intermittent Training

A

Greater VO2max derived from changes in:
- cardiac and skeletal muscle hypertrophy
- angiogenesis
- hypervolemia
- muscle oxidative metabolism
- fuel storage (muscle and glycogen and TG’s)

32
Q

Anaerobic Adaptations to Intermittent Training

A
  • Burgomaster et al., 2005 = greater capacity for muscle glycogen storage
  • Jenkins et al., 1994 = greater buffering to reduce drop in blood pH and allow for continued PCr resynthesis
33
Q

Hypoxia Definition

A
  • a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis
34
Q

Hypervolemia Definition

A
  • a condition where your body has too much fluid
35
Q

Angiogenesis Definition

A
  • the formation of new blood vessels

SR-334 (7 decks)

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