Gallbladder

Question 1

This gene is associated with an increased risk for the development of cholesterol gallstones.

Answer 1

ABCG8 (ATP-binding cassette transporter)

Question 2

What type of stones are found in sterile gallbladder bile?

Answer 2

Pigment stones (black stones)
Remarks: Brown stones in infected large bile ducts

Question 3

Cholecystitis without gallstones account for how many percent of patients with cholecystitis?

Answer 3

10%

Question 4

State a cause of acalculous cholecystitis.

Answer 4

Any of the ff: 1. sepsis with hypotension and multisystem organ failure (ischemic conditions); 2. immunosuppression; 3. major trauma and burns; 4. diabetes mellitus; 5. infections.

Question 5

What percentage of patients with gallstones develop gallbladder cancer?

Answer 5

1 to 2%

Question 6

State three genes that are mutated in gallbladder cancer?

Answer 6

ERBB2 (Her2/neu) overexpression; PBRM1 and MLL3