Gait (Intro to Joint Kinematics & Sagittal Kinematics)

Question 1

Kinematics

Answer 1

Description of movement without concern for forces causing movement
Goni, IMU, mocap

Question 2

Linear displacement

Answer 2

motion in one plane w/o axis of rotation

Question 3

Angular displacement

Answer 3

motion about an axis of rotation

Question 4

Kinetics

Answer 4

Study of forces and their effects on motion
MMT, EMG

Question 5

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Direction of pelvic tilt is based on:

Answer 5

Movement of the iliac crests

Question 6

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis neutral position

Answer 6

0° of pelvic tilt

Question 7

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis position at normal gait speed

Answer 7

Anterior and posterior pelvic tilt is small
2-4°

Question 8

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis position at heel contact

Answer 8

Near neutral/0°

Question 9

From 0-10%
Pelvis position
(double support limb)

Answer 9

Small amount of posterior pelvic tilt

Question 10

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis
Single limb support

Answer 10

Pelvis begins to anteriorly tilt, reaching a slight anterior tilt just after mid stance/30% of CG

Question 11

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis
2nd half of stance phase

Answer 11

Pelvis tilts posteriorly until just after toe off

Question 12

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis
early and mid swing (60-85% of GC)

Answer 12

pelvis tilts anteriorly

Question 13

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis tilting increases with:

Answer 13

Speed of ambulation, to increase functional limb length and step length

Question 14

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Tilt of the pelvis is caused by

Answer 14

sum of passive and active forces of the hip joint capsule
hip flexor and extensor muscles

Question 15

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Pelvis position in hip flexion contractures

Answer 15

Exaggerated anterior pelvic tilt in the 2nd 1/2 of stance phase (30-60)
Compensate for lack of passive hip extension in latter part of stance
Increased lumbar lordosis

Question 16

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Hip
Normal gait speed at heel contact

Answer 16

Hip is flexed at 30°

Question 17

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Hip
Normal gait speed just before heel contact

Answer 17

Maximum flexion (slightly >30°)

Question 18

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Hip
Normal gait speed before toe off

Answer 18

Maximum hip extension of 10°

Question 19

Sagittal Plane Kinematics
Hip
Normal gait speed
Amount of flexion by toe off?

Answer 19

0°

Question 20

How much ROM is needed at the hip for normal walking?

Answer 20

~30° of flexion and 10° of extension

Question 21

Why do people with limited hip ROM look like they walk w/o gait deviation?

Answer 21

Pelvis and lumbar spine compensate for reduced hip motion

Question 22

What motion provides apparent hip extension?

Answer 22

Anterior pelvic tilt + increase in lumbar lordosis

Question 23

What motion provides apparent hip flexion?

Answer 23

Posterior pelvic tilt + flattening of the lumbar spine
(occurs in late swing and early stance)

Question 24

People with a fused hip may use an exaggerated:

Answer 24

Ant. & Post. Pelvic tilt to compensate, which can result in low back pain

Question 25

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee at heel contact

Answer 25

Knee flexion 5°

Question 26

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee The knee continues to flex an additional ___° during the initial 15% of the GC

Answer 26

10-15°

Question 27

Knee flexion during heel contact is controlled by

Answer 27

eccentric action of quads

Question 28

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee About heel off (30-40% of GC)

Answer 28

Approaches near full extension

Question 29

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee Toe off (60% off GC)

Answer 29

Knee flexion of 35°

Question 30

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee Beginning of mid swing (75% of GC)

Answer 30

Max knee flexion, 60°

Question 31

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee Mid and Late Swing

Answer 31

Knee extends to just short of full extensio before starting flex in hneel contact

Question 32

What ROM of knee flex/ext is required for normal gait movement?

Answer 32

Full extension to ~60° of flexion

Question 33

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee Knee flexion contracture leads to:

Answer 33

Shorter limb Excessive trunk movement Increases metabolic demand and muscular demand on knee extensors

Question 34

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee Lack of sufficient knee flexion leads to:

Answer 34

Lack of toe clearance in swing phase Hip may flex more to compensate

Question 35

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Knee If the knee is immobilized in full extension, what movement may occur?

Answer 35

Hip hiking or circumduction

Question 36

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint After heel contact (first 8% of GC)

Answer 36

Foot is flat Controlled eccentrically by the ankle DF

Question 37

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint During stance (8-45% of GC)

Answer 37

Up to 10° of DF

Question 38

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint After heel off (30-40% of GC)

Answer 38

Beginning of PF

Question 39

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint After toe off

Answer 39

Maximum PF of 15-20°

Question 40

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint During swing phase

Answer 40

Df to a neutral position Allows toes to clear the ground

Question 41

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint Average speed of gait requires how much ankle ROM

Answer 41

~10° of DF & 20° of PF

Question 42

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint During which phase is more DF needed during gait?

Answer 42

stance>swing

Question 43

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint Limited PF leads to:

Answer 43

decreased push off, shorter step length

Question 44

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint Limited DF leads to:

Answer 44

premature heel off "bounce" "toeing out" increased foot pronation

Question 45

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint Significant lack of DF leads to:

Answer 45

interference of toe clearance during swing compensation with hip and/or knee flexion of the swing limb

Question 46

Sagittal Plane Kinematics Ankle/Talocrural Joint Pes equinus:

Answer 46

May walk on forefoot w/ extended toes Excessice knee flexion during stance Interferes w/ toe clearance during swing

Question 47

Sagittal Plane Kinematics 1st tarsometatarsal joint

Answer 47

slight PF and DF for flexible and stable medial longitudinal arch

Question 48

Sagittal Plane Kinematics First MTP Joint Heel contact

Answer 48

slightly extended

Question 49

Sagittal Plane Kinematics First MTP joint After heel contact to heel off

Answer 49

relatively neutral position

Question 50

Sagittal Plane Kinematics First MTP joint Between heel of to just before toe off

Answer 50

Extends 45° beyond neutral position

Question 51

Sagittal Plane Kinematics First MTP joint During late part of stance phase and early swing

Answer 51

Flexes and returns to a near neutral position

Question 52

Limited MTP joint extension can result in:

Answer 52

an exaggerated toeing out gait

Question 53

An exaggeratted toeing out gait from limited MTP joint extension can lead to:

Answer 53

Less efficient push off Increased stress on medial knee and foot Decreased step length/push off