Gait (Introduction, Events & Periods)

Question 1

Goals of Normal Gait

Answer 1

Movement along desired path
Maintaining weight bearing stability
Conserving energy
Absorbing shock

Question 2

Gait examination
(Qualitative)

Answer 2

observational gait analysis
systematic tools for observational analysis
impairment examination

Question 3

Gait examination
(Quantitative)

Answer 3

objective outcome measures
clinical- temporal & spatial, functional gait
instrumented- joint angles, muscle activity, ground reaction forces

Question 4

Pros & cons of qualitative gait analysis

Answer 4

Pros- cost effective, fast, done anywhere, no extra stress on patient
Cons-may be less reliable

Question 5

Pros & cons of quantitative gait analysis

Answer 5

Pros- more accurate
Cons- requires multiple people, expensive, difficult to transfer equipment, time consuming

Question 6

Initial contact of gait is also referred to as

Answer 6

heel strike

Question 7

Spatial descriptors of gait

Answer 7

stride length
step length
step width
foot angle

Question 8

Temporal Descriptors of gait

Answer 8

cadence (step rate)
stride time
step time

Question 9

Spatiotemporal descriptors of gait

Answer 9

Walking speed

Question 10

Stride length

Answer 10

Distance between 2 successive heel contacts of the same foot

Question 11

Step length

Answer 11

distance between successive heel contacts of 2 different feet

Question 12

Step width

Answer 12

lateral distance between the heel centers of two consecutive foot contacts
(8-10cm)

Question 13

Foot angle

Answer 13

amount of toe out
(5-7°)

Question 14

Cadence

Answer 14

step rate
number of steps/min

Question 15

Stride time

Answer 15

time for a full gait cycle

Question 16

Step time

Answer 16

time for the completion of a right or left step

Question 17

Walking speed

Answer 17

6th vital sign
distance cover in a given amount of time
measures in m/sec or mph

Question 18

Normative data for gait
Women vs Men

Answer 18

Women walk slower, take shorter step length, and have faster cadence

Question 19

Average walking speed

Answer 19

1.37 m/sec

Question 20

Average cadence (step rate)

Answer 20

1.87 steps/sec

Question 21

Average step length

Answer 21

72 cm

Question 22

Freely chosen walking speed vs Fast walking speed

Answer 22

62% stance 38% swing in freely chosen
58% stance and 42% swing in fast walking speed
Increasing step length results in increased gait speed

Question 23

Gait cycle

Answer 23

Time between contact to contact of same foot
normal value is approximately 1 sec

Question 24

Stance

Answer 24

From R heel contact to R toe off
60% of GC

Question 25

Swing

Answer 25

From R toe off to next R heel contact 40% of GC

Question 26

2 periods of double support

Answer 26

1. 0-10% of GC 2. 50-60% of GC

Question 27

2 periods of single support

Answer 27

1. 10-50% 2. 60-100%

Question 28

Gait systems

Answer 28

Based on events Based on periods

Question 29

Gait events stance only

Answer 29

Stance- Heel contact, Foot flat, Mid stance, Heel off, Toe off

Question 30

Gait events swing only

Answer 30

Swing-Early swing, Mid swing, Late swing

Question 31

Gait events

Answer 31

Stance- Heel contact, Foot flat, Mid stance, Heel off, Toe off Swing-Early swing, Mid swing, Late swing

Question 32

Heel contact

Answer 32

heel comes in contact with the ground

Question 33

Foot flat

Answer 33

Entire plantar surface of foot comes in contact with the ground

Question 34

Mid stance

Answer 34

Body's weight passes directly over supporting LE

Question 35

Heel off/rise

Answer 35

Heel comes off the ground

Question 36

Toe off

Answer 36

Toes come off ground

Question 37

Early swing

Answer 37

From time of toe off to mid swing

Question 38

Mid swing

Answer 38

Time from slightly before to slightly after mid stance event of opposite LE

Question 39

Late swing

Answer 39

Period from end of mid swing to foot contact with the ground

Question 40

Gait periods Stance only

Answer 40

Stance- initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing

Question 41

Gait periods Swing only

Answer 41

Swing- initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

Question 42

Gait periods

Answer 42

Stance- initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing Swing- initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

Question 43

Initial contact

Answer 43

Instant foot hits the ground Hip 30° flex Knee 5° flex Ankle neutral

Question 44

Loading response

Answer 44

Opposite foot off Hip 30° flex Knee 20° flex Ankle neutral

Question 45

Mid stance

Answer 45

Body over forefoot Hip 5° flex Knee 5° flex Ankle 10° DF

Question 46

Terminal stance

Answer 46

Opposite foot contact with the ground Hip 10° ex Knee 8° flex Ankle 10° DF

Question 47

Pre swing

Answer 47

From opposite foot contact with ground to foot off Hip 2° flex Knee 40° flex Ankle 18° PF

Question 48

Initial swing

Answer 48

From foot off to feet adjacent Knee flexion to shorten LE Hip 25° flex Knee 60° flex Ankle 5° PF

Question 49

Mid swing

Answer 49

Ipsilateral tibia is perpendicular to the ground (vertical) Hip >30° flex Knee 55° flex Ankle neutral

Question 50

Terminal swing

Answer 50

Begins with tibia perpendicular to floor and ends when ipsilateral foot strikes the floor Hip 30° flex Knee 5° flex Ankle neutral