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Unit 3 Biomechanics Winter 2024 > Gait Cycle > Flashcards

Gait Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What phases are included in the gait cycle?

A
  • stance phase

-swing phase

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2
Q

What periods are in the stance phase of the gait cycle in Rancho Los Amigos?

A
  • Initial contact (DLS)
  • Loading response (DLS)
  • Mid-stance (SLS)
  • Terminal stance (SLS)
  • Pre-swing (DLS)
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3
Q

What periods are in the swing phase of the gait cycle in Rancho Los Amigos?

A
  • Initial swing (SLS)
  • Mid-swing (SLS)
  • Terminal swing (SLS)
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4
Q

What are the periods of the gait cycle in traditional terms?

A
  • Heel strike (Initial contact)
  • Flat foot (Loading response)
  • Mid-stance (Mid-stance)
  • Heel off (Terminal stance)
  • Toe off (Pre-swing)
  • Early swing (Initial swing)
  • Mid-swing (Mid-swing)
  • Late-swing (Terminal swing)
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5
Q

When does each period of the gait cycle start and end?

A

IC - moment heel hits the floor
LR - initial contact to flat foot
MS - flat foot to head, arms, and trunk over stance limb
TS - end of midstance to heel off floor
PreSw - IC (of swing limb) to toe off (stance limb)
IS - toe off to feet adjacent
MSw - feet adjacent to vertical tibia
TSw - vertical tibia to almost IC

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6
Q

What is the objective of initial contact in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • making contact with the ground
  • begin weight acceptance

contra limb ending terminal stance

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7
Q

What is the objective of loading response in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • shock absorption
  • WB stability
  • contralateral forward progression

contra limb in pre-swing

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8
Q

What is the objective of mid-stance in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • progression of body over stance
  • trunk stability

contra limb in mid-swing

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9
Q

What is the objective of terminal stance in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • propulsion

contra limb in terminal swing moving to IC

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10
Q

What is the objective of pre-swing in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • propulsion

contra limb from IC to LR

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11
Q

What is the objective of initial swing in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • limb shortening for foot clearance & acceleration

contra limb in early mid-stance

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12
Q

What is the objective of mid-swing in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • forward momentum
  • shorten limb for clearance
  • limb advancement

*contra limb in late mid-stance

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13
Q

What is the objective of terminal swing in the gait cycle & what is the other limb doing?

A
  • limb advancement

contra limb in terminal stance

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14
Q

Explain the heel rocker as it pertains to when it occurs and what muscles control it

A

Happens during:
- IC to LR

Muscles:
- Pre-tibials control it ECC

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15
Q

Explain the ankle rocker as it pertains to when it occurs and what muscles control it

A

Happens during:
- LR to MStance

Muscles:
- PF’s ECC control tibial advancement

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16
Q

Explain the forefoot rocker as it pertains to when it occurs and what muscles control it

A

Happens during:
- MStance to TS

Muscles:
- PF ecc controlling tibia advancement

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17
Q

What are the three things that need to happen for a forefoot rocker?

A
  • locked ankle
  • heel rise
  • forward progression over forefoot
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18
Q

Explain the toe rocker as it pertains to when it occurs and what muscles control it

A

Happens during:
- TS to PreSw

Muscles:
- PF’s elastic recoil controls knee flexion, forward progression, and PF

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19
Q

What position is each joint in during initial contact? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 15 ext
Ankle - 0
Knee - 0
Hip - 25 flex

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20
Q

What position is each joint in during loading response? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 0
Ankle - 5 PF
Knee - 15 flex
Hip - 25 flex

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21
Q

What position is each joint in during mid-stance? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 0
Ankle - 5 DF
Knee - 0
Hip - 0

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22
Q

What position is each joint in during terminal stance? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 15-20 ext
Ankle - 10 DF
Knee - 0
Hip - 15 ext

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23
Q

What position is each joint in during pre-swing? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 50 ext
Ankle - 15 PF
Knee - 40 flex
Hip - 0

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24
Q

What position is each joint in during initial swing? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - flexing to neutral
Ankle - 5 PF
Knee - 60 flex (peak)
Hip - 15 flex

25
Q

What position is each joint in during mid-swing? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 0
Ankle - 0
Knee - 25 flex
Hip - 25 flex

26
Q

What position is each joint in during terminal swing? (Sagittal plane)

A

MTP - 15 ext
Ankle - 0
Knee - 0
Hip - 25 flex

27
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of initial contact at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - PF moment
MA - DF Ecc.

Knee:
GRF - EXT moment
MA - flexors active (hamstrings)

Hip:
GRF - Flex moment
MA - Hip ext concentric

28
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of loading response at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - PF moment
MA - DF ECC

Knee:
GRF - Flex moment
MA - vasti group ECC

Hip:
GRF - flex moment
MA - hip ext concentric

29
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of mid-stance at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - DF moment
MA - PF’s ECC

Knee:
GRF - Ext moment
MA - flexors (kinda - more neutral)

Hip:
GRF - Ext moment
MA - hip flexors stabilize hip

30
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of terminal stance at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - DF moment
MA - PF’s ECC (peak)

Knee:
GRF - Ext. moment
MA - flexors

Hip:
GRF - Ext moment
MA -iliopsoas ECC

31
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of pre-swing at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - DF moment
MA - PF elastic recoil

Knee:
GRF - Flex moment
MA - really none

Hip:
GRF - ext moment
MA - adductor longus, rectus femoris, iliopsoas concentric

32
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of initial swing at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Knee:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - NONE
MA - iliacus & sartorius concentric

33
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of mid-swing at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - NONE
MA - DF concentric to neutral

Knee:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - NONE
MA - iliacus & sartorius concentric; Bicep femoris LH & semimembranosus ECC

34
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of terminal swing at each joint? (Sagittal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - NONE
MA - DF concentric to neutral

Knee:
GRF - NONE
MA - Vasti group concentric; hamstrings ECC (peak)

Hip:
GRF - NONE
MA - Hip ext ECC

35
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of initial contact at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - pronation & eversion moment
MA - ant. & post. tibialis invert ECC

36
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of loading response at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - calcaneal EV w/ pronation moment
MA - ant. & post. tib. ECC

Knee:
GRF - Varus moment
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - add moment
MA - Hip abductors ECC

37
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of mid-stance at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle: TTJ early = unlocked; late = locked
GRF - early pronation; late supination
MA - Early: post. tib. ECC; Late: post. tib. concentric

Knee:
GRF - varus moment
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - add moment = PEAK
MA - abductors (glute med) ECC

38
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of terminal stance at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle: TTJ locked
GRF - calcaneal IV w/ tibial ER; subtalar supination
MA - post. tib. & fibularis concentric

Knee:
GRF - varus moment
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - add moment
MA - abductors toward neutral concentric (TFL)

39
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of pre-swing at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - calcaneal IV and subtalar supination
MA - NONE

Knee:
GRF - varus to neutral
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - add to neutral
MA - NONE

40
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of initial swing at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Knee:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - ipsilateral pelvic drop
MA - hip abducted

41
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of mid-swing at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Knee:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - ipsilateral pelvic elevation
MA - hip adducting

42
Q

What are the GRF’s and muscle activations of terminal swing at each joint? (Frontal plane)

A

Ankle:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Knee:
GRF - NONE
MA - NONE

Hip:
GRF - ipsilateral pelvic elevation
MA - hip adducting

43
Q

What are the critical events of initial contact?

A

Heel rocker:
- pre-tibials ECC control ankle PF

44
Q

What are the critical events of loading response?

A
  • finished heel rocker
  • controlled knee flexion & ankle PF
  • hip stabilized during weight transfer
45
Q

What are the critical events of mid-stance?

A
  • ankle rocker
  • ground reaction force vector advances from posterior to anterior ankle
46
Q

What are the critical events of terminal stance?

A
  • hip ext
  • forefoot rocker (controlled DF & heel rise)
47
Q

What are the critical events of pre-swing?

A
  • thigh flex to neutral
  • passive knee flexion
  • ankle PF
  • toe rocker
48
Q

What are the critical events of initial swing?

A
  • hip flex
  • knee flex = foot clearance
49
Q

What are the critical events of mid-swing?

A
  • ankle DF to neural for foot clearance
  • hip flex
  • knee starts to extend
50
Q

What are the critical events of terminal swing?

A
  • knee ext. to neutral
51
Q

What happens during initial contact in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- slight ER
Hip:
- 5 degrees ER (peak)
Pelvis:
- 3-5 degrees forward rotation (peak)

52
Q

What happens during loading response in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- IR to peak 5 degrees
Hip:
- IR toward neutral (ECC hip ER’s)
Pelvis:
- 3-5 degrees forward rotation (peak)

53
Q

What happens during mid-stance in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- ERing toward neutral
Hip:
- IR to neutral (screw home mechanism)
Pelvis:
- NONE

54
Q

What happens during terminal stance in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- ER to neutral
Hip: CCP
- Internally rotating
Pelvis:
- rotating backward which contributes to step length

55
Q

What happens during pre swing in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- neutral
Hip:
- internally rotating
Pelvis:
- rotating backward 3-5 (peak)

56
Q

What happens during initial swing in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- neutral
Hip:
- internally rotating
Pelvis:
- rotating backward 3-5 (peak)

57
Q

What happens during mid swing in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- externally rotating to 5 degrees
Hip:
- IR to 5 degrees (peak)
Pelvis:
- forward rotation 3-5 degrees

58
Q

What happens during terminal swing in the horizontal plane?

A

Knee:
- internally rotating to neutral
Hip:
- externally rotation to 5 degrees (peak)
Pelvis:
- forward rotation 3-5 degrees

Unit 3 Biomechanics Winter 2024 (8 decks)

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