Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 3 Biomechanics Winter 2024 > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What is a full gait cycle?

A
  • from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of that same foot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the stance phase and what percentage of gait does it take up?

A
  • initial contact to pre-swing
  • 60%
  • entire period in which the foot is on the ground
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the swing phase and what percentage of gait does it take up?

A
  • from toe off to just before heel strike
  • 40%
  • time foot is in the air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is stride length?

A
  • distance b/w IC to IC on same limb

Men = 1.51m
Women = 1.32m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you calculate stride length?

A

velocity divided by .5 x cadence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is step length?

A
  • distance b/w 2 successive events on opposite limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is toe clearance?

A
  • minimal distance from hallux to floor during swing phase
  • normal is 1.28-1.9cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is step width?

A
  • horizontal distance b/w 2 points on opposite limbs
  • 7-10cm is normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is foot progression angle?

A
  • angle b/w longitudinal axis of foot & line of gait progression
  • 5-7 degrees is normal
    toe angle or toe out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is gait speed/velocity?

A
  • 6th vital sign
  • distance traveled over a specific time period
    Men = 1.37m/sec
    Women = 1.30m/sec
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cadence?

A
  • number of steps/minute
    Men = 108 steps/min
    Women = 118 steps/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At what speed does walking usually turn into running?

A
  • 4.8 to 5.0 mph
  • running has NO double limb support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe CoM displacement in the sagittal and frontal planes during the gait cycle

A

Sagittal:
- 1-2 inches
- highest in mid-stance
- lowest LR & PreSw

Frontal:
- about 3cm
- most during mid-stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How could you decrease CoM excursion?

A
  • pelvic rotation
  • pelvic list/obliquity
  • stance phase knee flexion, foot & knee mechanics
  • hip adduction in stance phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the LoG differ from GRF during gait?

A

LoG:
- is always a plumb-line into the ground

GRF:
- equal and opposite to the foot force
- direction changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are vertical, A-P, and M-L GRF different in gait?

A

Vertical:
- most & perpendicular to the ground

A-P:
- parallel to ground, shear force
- Prevent slipping via: decrease distance b/w foot location & CoM and decrease speed

M-L:
- small shear force
- prevent slipping via: decreasing step width

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the CoP on the foot through the stance phase?

A

IC = just lateral to mid-heel
MS= lateral midfoot
TS & PreSw = medial forefoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If toe drag occurs in Initial swing what does this normally mean?

A
  • lack of knee flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If toe drag occurs in mid-swing what does this normally mean?

A
  • lack of ankle DF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain how the medial longitudinal arch of the foot behaves during the gait cycle

A
  • raised initially & as it moves through LR & stance phase it lowers to absorb shock & create elasticity for push off
21
Q

When are the Post tib and fibularis muscles active during the gait cycle?

A

Post Tib:
- IC (ECC)
- LR (ECC)
- MStan (early=ECC; late = Conc)
- TS (Conc)

FIbularis:
- TS (Conc)

22
Q

What is the difference between Primary, Secondary, and Compensatory gait deviations?

A

Primary:
- directly caused by an impairment (weakness, deformity, impaired motor control, pain)

Secondary:
- From abnormal posture at adjacent joint

Compensatory:
- accommodation for an impairment, rather than being a direct result of an impairment

23
Q

How is the gait of a young child?

A

Age 3:
- uneven step length
- IC w/ flat foot
- Knee hyperextended throughout stance
- LR & MS pronation
- Wide BoS
- UE’s high-low guard positions
- lack of pelvic rotation
- decreased stride length with increased cadence

24
Q

How is the gait of an older adult?

A

> Age 60:
- decreased velocity
- decreased stride/step length
- decreased anticipatory abilities
- decreases SLS & increased DLS
- wide BoS
- may need AD
- loss of independence

25
Q

Why would you see flat foot at the foot and ankle in IC?

A
  • weak DF’s
  • impaired motor control
26
Q

Why would you see foot slap at the foot and ankle in LR?

A
  • weak DF’s
27
Q

Why would you see early heel off or vaulting at the foot and ankle in Mid stance?

A

Early heel off:
- skeletal deformity
- PF contracture
- limited DF

Vaulting:
- length of stance limb too short
- can’t DF swing limb
- knee flexion restriction

28
Q

Why would you see inadequate MTP extension at the foot and ankle in PreSw?

A
  • pain at MTP joint
  • effusion of joint
29
Q

Why would you see toe drag at the foot and ankle in initial swing?

A
  • knee flexion limited
30
Q

Why would you see excessive pronation at the foot and ankle in Terminal stance?

A
  • skeletal deformity
  • weak INV’s
31
Q

Why would you see drop foot at the foot and ankle in mid swing?

A
  • weak DF’s
  • deep fibular nerve lesion
32
Q

Why would you see extensor thrust at the knee in IC?

A
  • weakness/spasticity of quads
  • upper motor nerve lesion
33
Q

Why would you see genu recurvatum or crouch gait at the knee in mid stance?

A

Genu Rec:
- knee extension weakness
- contracture of PF’s
- loose posterior structures of knee

Crouch gait:
- knee flex contracture

34
Q

Why would you see inadequate knee flexion at the knee in initial swing?

A
  • knee extension contracture
35
Q

Why would you see excessive knee flexion at the knee in mid swing?

A
  • impaired motor control
  • inadequate DF
36
Q

Why would you see varus/valgus thrust at the knee in LR?

A

Thrust into either position via:
- skeletal deformity
- ligament instability

37
Q

Why would you see inadequate knee extension at the knee in terminal swing?

A
  • knee flexion contracture
  • joint effusion
38
Q

Why would you see glute max gait at the hip in LR?

A
  • glute max is weak which leads to leaning backwards to lock hips into extension
39
Q

Why would you see antalgic gait at the hip in mid stance?

A

avoids pain
- decreased stance on limb
- painful to apply pressure to limb

40
Q

Why would you see scissoring gait at the hip in mid stance?

A
  • thighs touch (usually cerebral palsy)
41
Q

Why would you see a trendelenburg sign at the hip in mid stance?

A
  • weak abductors on contralateral side (glute med)
42
Q

Why would you see excessive backward rotation at the hip in terminal swing?

A
  • hip flexion contracture
43
Q

Why would you see steppage gait at the hip in mid swing?

A

hip flexes excessively
- inadequate knee flexion
- inadequate ankle DF

44
Q

Why would you see circumduction at the hip in mid swing?

A

leg swings laterally
- poor knee flexion/ankle DF
- lengthened swing limb or shortened stance limb

45
Q

What are some dysfunctions seen in IC?

A

weak DF’s -> abbreviated heel contact, flat foot contact & forefoot contact
shortened limb (compensatory) -> forefoot contact
PF contracture -> inadequate DF
Knee pain -> inadequate knee ext

46
Q

What are some dysfunctions seen in LR?

A

Inadequate knee flexion due to:
- weak quads (P)
- skeletal deformity (P)
- abnormal PF activity (S)

Foot slap:
- weak DF’s (P)

Inadequate PF:
- abbreviated/absent heel rocker (S)

47
Q

What are some dysfunctions seen in stance?

A

Inadequate DF:
- ankle pain/effusion (P)
- PF contracture (P)

Excessive eversion:
- weak invertors (P)
- genu valgus (S)
- hindfoot valgus w/ uncompensated forefoot valgus (P)

Inadequate knee ext:
- knee pain/effusion (P)
- excessive DF posture (S)

48
Q

What are some dysfunctions seen in terminal stance/push-off?

A

Inadequate DF:
- weak DFs (P)
- ankle pain/effusion (P)

No heel off:
- weak PF’s (P)
- forefoot pain (P)
- inadequate toe ext (S)
- excessive ankle DF (S)

Inadequate MTP Ext:
- skeletal deformity (P)
- avoid forefoot pain (S)

49
Q

What are some dysfunctions seen in Swing phase?

A

Inadequate DF (mid swing):
- weak DF’s (P)
- PF contracture (P)

Excessive Inversion (mid swing):
- flaccid paralysis of pretibials (P)

Toe drag (initial & mid swing):
- initial = inadequate knee flexion (S)
- mid = inadequate DF strength (P) or inadequate hip flex (S)

Inadequate knee flexion (initial):
- tibiofemoral pain (P)
- inadequate hip flex (S)
- inadequate knee flexion in pre swing (S)

Unit 3 Biomechanics Winter 2024 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions