gait cycle

Question 1

What is bipedal standing?

Answer 1

The relatively small area of contact with ground, the plantar surface of feet and is energy efficient

Question 2

What are the roles of muscles?

Answer 2

Agonists act CONCENTRICALLY
Antagonists act ECCENTRICALLY
Stabilisers act ISOMETRICALLY

Question 3

What is the role of the line of gravity in bipedal standing?

Answer 3

Gravity can act as an agonist (concentric), or an antagonist (eccentric)

Question 4

Describe line of gravity on the HIP:

Answer 4

It is posterior to the HIP JOINT
The HIP JOINT is ‘pushed’ into EXTENSION, meaning the ligaments are tight
- The joint is locked

Question 5

Capsular ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 5

Pubofemoral ligament
Illiofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament

Question 6

What happens when hip is in flexion?

Answer 6

lax anteriorly (loose)
taut posteriorly (tight)

Question 7

What happens when hips is in extension?

Answer 7

lax posteriorly (loose)
taut anteriorly (tight)

Question 8

Describe line of gravity on the KNEE:

Answer 8

Line of gravity is anterior to the knee joint
The knee joint is ‘pushed’ into extension
Ligaments are tight , joint locked

Question 9

Describe line of gravity on the ANKLE:

Answer 9

• line of gravity is anterior to the ankle joint
• ‘falls’ into dorsiflexion
• Not locked
• plantarflexors stabilise the joint
• energy consumed

Question 10

summary of bipedal standing:

Answer 10

It is unique to humans.
Feet form base of support, but insufficient size to provide only balance solution
- bones, joints and muscles have special anatomical features to assist balance solution

Question 11

the hamstring group of muscles are located on the _______ aspect of the thigh, and concentric contraction of this muscle group produces ________ of the femur at the hip joint

Answer 11

posterior; extension

Question 12

The tibialis anterior muscle has two major roles. These are:

Answer 12

dorsiflexion at the akle; inversion at the foot

Question 13

What is the basic pattern of bipedal walking?

Answer 13

Basic pattern is gait cycle, and is a learned movement strategy. Gait is characteristic

Question 14

Describe the gait cycle?

Answer 14

The gait cycle is complex and dynamic, involves many different movements and is continuous. The cycle has 6 phases.

Question 15

Define the phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 15

Early, Mid, late STANCE
Early, mid, Late SWING

Question 16

What are the phases (swing and stance)?

Answer 16

Double stance is when two feet are touching the ground. Stance is the weight bearing phase and swing is the pendular phase.

Question 17

what joints are involved in the gait cycle?

Answer 17

Hip, knee, ankle

Question 18

what are the respective muscles involved in the gait cycle?

Answer 18

hip: illiopsoas, gluteus maximus, hamstrings
knee: quadricep femoris, gastrocnemius, hamstrings
ankle: tibialis anterior, triceps surae

Question 19

where are the hip muscles each located?

Answer 19

illiopsoas , found on the anterior aspect of the hip - hip flexor.
gluteus maximus, found on the posterior of hip - bum muscle.
hamstrings, found on posterior aspect of hip

Question 20

where are the knee muscles located?

Answer 20

quadriceps femoris, anterior to the knee
gastrocnemius, posterior to the knee
hamstring, posterior to the knee

Question 21

where are the ankle muscles located?

Answer 21

tibialis anterior, anterior to the ankle
triceps surae, posterior to ankle

Question 22

describe the movement of the hip joint during the phases:

Answer 22

early stance (heel strike): flexion to extension
mid stance: extension
late stance (toe off): extension
early swing: flexion
mid swing: flexion
late swing: flexion

Question 23

describe the movement of the knee joint during the phases:

Answer 23

early stance (heel strike): locked in extension
mid stance: slight flexion
late stance(toe off): extension
early swing: in flexion
mid swing: flexion
late swing: flexion to extension (preparing for heel strike)

Question 24

describe the movement of the ankle joint during the phases:

Answer 24

early stance (heel strike): dorsiflexion to plantarflexion
mid stance: plantarflexion
late stance(toe off): full plantarflexion
early swing: dorsiflexion (to allow toe clearance)
mid swing: dorsiflexion (to allow clearance)
late swing: dorsiflexion (a stable position for heel strike)

Question 25

describe the muscle activity at the hip joint?

Answer 25

During early,mid and late stance phase, the glutes and hamstrings are concentrically contracting.

During early, mid and late swing phase, the illiopsoas is concentrically contracting, the Glutes and Hamstrings are contracting eccentrically

Question 26

describe the muscle activity of the knee joint?

Answer 26

During early stance (heel strike) of the knee the quad femoris, hamstrings and gastrocnemius is acting isometrically.

During mid and late stance, as well as the early and mid swing phase the hamstrings and gastrocnemius is acting concentrically.

During late swing phase of the knee the quad femoris is acting concentrically

Question 27

Describe the muscle activity at the ankle joint?

Answer 27

During early stance phase, triceps surae acts concentrically, and tibialis anterior acts eccentrically to control foot drop to ground.

Mid and late stance phase, the triceps surae acts concentrically, so that there is a strong propulsion/toe off.
During early and mid swing phase the tibialis anterior acts concentrically. In the late swing phase the tibialis anterior acts concentrically, and the tricep surae acts isometrically.

Question 28

During late swing phase, what is the MOVEMENT happeneing at the ankle joint?

Answer 28

Dorsiflexion, for stability during heel strike

Question 29

which of the phases of the gait cycle includes propulsion (toe off)?

Answer 29

Late stance

Question 30

Which of the following joints expends the most energy during bipedal standing?

Answer 30

Ankle