gait analysis 1

Question 1

temporal spatial parameters

vial signs of gait

Answer 1

Speed = 1.2–1.5 m/s
Cadence = 120 steps / min
Stride length = 1.2–1.5 m
Symmetrical

Quality: smooth, flowing, rhythmical

TUG
6MWT
Outcome measures

Question 2

clincial factors for normal gait

Answer 2

bony alignment 
muscle and tendon length
muscle power 
selective control and coordination 
muscle tone 
vestibular function 
vision 
proprioception
higher level of executive function
vision
vestibular function

Question 3

Gait assessment

Answer 3

clinical exam
observational gait analysis
outcome measures

Question 4

clinical exam

Answer 4

bony allignment - contracture limb length bony orientation goniometry 
ROM - goniometry 
muscle tone - slow and fast stretch MAS
tardieu scale 
power oxford scale 
Co-ordination cerebellar tests SCALE
sensation / proprioception JPS light touch pin prik
reflexes - babinski response
balance - timed stance test

Question 5

outcome measures

Answer 5

3-d gait analysis
•Temporal-spatial parameters
•Kinematics
•Kinetics

timed walk test
•10m walk test
•TUG
•6 minute walk test

video
•Qualitative comparison

observational tools
•Edinburgh visual gait score
•Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS)
•Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (GAIT)
•Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA)

Question 6

pre requisites for normal gait

Answer 6

Stability in stance
Foot clearance in swing
Pre-positioning for initial contact
Step length
Energy conservation

Question 7

Normal gait

1. initial contact

Answer 7

moment of collision
TASK: allignment of lower limb for effective loading repsonse
Trunk: half a stride length behind heel

Question 8

normal gait: stance

2. loading response

Answer 8

trunk advancement over supporting leg
hip extensors

ankle PF 5 deg

knee flexion 10-20 degrees

STJ eversion/ midfoot pronation
loose bag of bones

0-10% peiod of double support
Task: weight acceptance, shock absorption

Question 9

normal gait: stance

3. mid stance

Answer 9

task: stability during single leg stance, progression over stationary foot
10-30% GC

trunk advances from behind to over supporting limb (hip extensors)
hip reaches 0 degrees flex to ext.

pelvis at max upward obliquity 10 degrees

CoM falls medial to supporting leg - hip abductors
knee extends fully

ankle moves from 10 degrees PF to 10 degrees DF - soleus

Question 10

Normal gait: stance

4. Terminal stance

Answer 10

30-50% GC
task: maintenance of stability, progression of trunk past supporting foot

hip reaches peak extension 
knee starts to flex 
ankle - peak DF 
10-15 degrees 
heel starts to rise 

subtalar joint inverts, midfoot supinates

Question 11

Normalgait

5. pre swing

Answer 11

TIME: 50–62% GC
Second period of double support
TASK: Weight transfer,
alignment of limb for swing

Rapid ankle plantarflexion from 10–15° DF to 20–25° PF in 10 ms
gastroc + soleus

midfoot supination tightens plantar fascia Tib post
–> rigid lever for propulsion

hip flexes to 0 deg
iliopsoas
knee reaches 30-40 deg flexion - rect fem

Question 12

6. initial swing

Answer 12

62-75% gait cycle time TASKS: Foot clearance; limb advancement

hip flexion - iliopsoas
peak knee flexion - 60-70 degrees
rect fem

ankle DF to neutral - Tib ant

Question 13

7. mid swing

Answer 13

TASKS: Limb advancement TIME: 75–90% GC

This phase continues mostly due to momentum

hip flexion ceases at 30-40 degrees

knee starts to re-extend under pendular action

ankle remains in neutral

Question 14

8. terminal swing

Answer 14

90-100%
completion of limb advancement, prep for stance

hip remains 30-40 degrees flexion
knee reaches full extension - hamstrings

ankle remains in neutral TA