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MSK Clinical Templates > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the gait cycle is swing phase compared to stance phase?

A

Swing phase=40%

Stance phase=60%

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2
Q

What percentage of the gait cycle is the body in double limb support?

A

20%

10% during right heel initial contact until just before left pre-swing

and

10% between left heel initial contact and right leg pre-swing

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3
Q

How much hip flexion range of motion is needed for normal gait?

A

0-30 degrees

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4
Q

How much hip extension range of motion is needed for normal gait?

A

0-10 degrees

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5
Q

How much knee flexion range of motion is needed for normal gait?

A

0-60 degrees

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6
Q

How much knee extension range of motion is needed for normal gait?

A

0 degrees

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7
Q

How much ankle dorsiflexion range of motion is needed for normal gait?

A

0-10 degrees

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8
Q

How much Ankle plantarflexion range of motion is needed for normal gait?

A

0-20 degrees

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9
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the initial contact phase of gait?

A

dorsiflexors contract to put foot in dorsiflexion during heel strike and prepare to lower the foot towards the ground

quads contract to place the knee in extension while hamstrings stabilize the knee and prevent hyper extension

hip extensors and abductors contract to stabilize the trunk and pelvis over the leg

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10
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the Loading Response phase of gait?

A

dorsiflexors act eccentrically to control lowering of the foot towards the ground

quads act eccentrically to control knee flexion while the leg accepts the body’s weight

plantar flexors work eccentrically to control dorsiflexion as the tibia moves over the foot

quads then act concentrically to draw the femur over the tibia

hip extensors contract concentrically to produce hip extension

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11
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the Mid-stance phase of gait?

A

plantar flexors act eccentrically to control dorsiflexion as body moves over the stance limb

very little knee motor action during this phase but quads do work concentrically to keep knee extended

hip abductors stabilize pelvis and prevent contralateral hip drop

iliopsoas contracts eccentrically to control hip extension

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12
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the Terminal Stance phase of gait?

A

plantar flexors work concentrically to aid the foot in its propulsion of the body forward

knee muscle activity remains limited

hip abductors continue to stabilize the pelvis

iliopsoas continues to slow the rate of hip extension

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13
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the Pre-swing phase of gait?

A

plantar flexors are at peak activity levels as the foot “toes off”

hamstrings begin to produce knee flexion to prepare for the swing phase

iliopsoas begins to work concentrically to produce hip flexion

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14
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the initial swing phase of gait?

A

dorsiflexors contract concentrically to clear the foot from the ground

hamstrings assist with foot clearance by flexing knee

hip flexors continue to produce hip flexion to advance limb forward

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15
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the Mid-swing phase of gait?

A

dorsiflexors continue to contract concentrically to maintain dorsiflexion

knee and hip activity are minimal since momentum allows for advancement of the limb

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16
Q

What muscle activity is happening during the Terminal Swing phase of gait?

A

dorsiflexors continue to contract concentrically to maintain dorsiflexion

ankle invertors also contract concentrically to prepare the foot for initial contact

quads contract concentrically to place the knee in extension for initial contact

hamstring act eccentrically to control rate of knee extension

hip extensors eccentrically slow the rate of hip flexion and prepare the limb for initial contact

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17
Q

What is the average step length and stride length for an adult?

A

Step length is 28 inches

Stride length is 56 inches

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18
Q

What is an Antalgic Gait pattern?

A

a protective gait pattern where the stance time is decreased to avoid weight bearing on the involved side due to pain

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19
Q

What is an Ataxic Gait pattern?

A

staggering and unsteadiness that usually has a wide base of support and movements are exaggerated

20
Q

What is a cerebellar Gait pattern?

A

staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disorders

21
Q

What is a double step gait pattern?

A

a gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate

22
Q

What is an Equine Gait pattern?

A

gait pattern with high steps and usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius

23
Q

What is a Festinating Gait pattern?

A

gait pattern where a patient walks on toes as though pushed

starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop

24
Q

What is a Hemiplegic Gait pattern?

A

gait pattern in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them

25
Q

What is a Parkinsonian Gait pattern?

A

gait pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps and festinating may occur

26
Q

What is a scissor gait pattern?

A

gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement

27
Q

What is a Spastic Gait pattern?

A

gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and rag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed

commonly seen in spastic paraplegia

28
Q

What is a Steppage gait pattern?

A

pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexor weakness

foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to decreased control

29
Q

What is a Tabetic Gait pattern?

A

high stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground

30
Q

What is a Trendelenburg Gait pattern?

A

pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg

31
Q

What are some common causes of a Foot Slap gait deviation?

A
  • weak dorsiflexors

- dorsiflexor paralysis

32
Q

What are some common causes of a Toe down instead of heel strike gait deviation?

A
  • PF spasticity
  • PF contracture
  • weak DFs
  • DF paralysis
  • leg length discrepancy
  • hindfoot pain
33
Q

What are some common causes of a Clawing of Toes gait deviation?

A
  • toe flexor spasticity

- positive support reflex

34
Q

What are some common causes of a Heel lift during midstance gait deviation?

A
  • insufficient DF range of motion

- PF spasticity

35
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is no toe off?

A
  • forefoot/toe pain
  • weak PFs
  • weak toe flexors
  • insufficient PF range of motion
36
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is exaggerated knee flexion at contact?

A
  • weak quads
  • quadriceps paralysis
  • hamstring spasticity
  • insufficient extension ROM
37
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is hyperextension in stance phase?

A
  • compensation for weak quads

- PF contracture

38
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance?

A
  • knee flexion contracture

- hip flexion contracture

39
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is insufficient knee flexion with swing?

A
  • knee effusion
  • quadriceps extension spasticity
  • PF spasticity
  • insufficient flexion ROM
40
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is excessive knee flexion with swing?

A
  • flexor withdrawal reflex

- lower extremity flexor synergy

41
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is insufficient hip flexion at initial contact?

A
  • weak hip flexors
  • hip flexor paralysis
  • hip extensor spasticity
  • insufficient hip flexion ROM
42
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is insufficient hip extension at stance?

A
  • insufficient hip extension ROM
  • hip flexion contracture
  • lower extremity flexor synergy
43
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is circumduction during swing phase?

A
  • compensation for weak hip flexors
  • compensation for weak dorsiflexors
  • compensation for weak hamstrings
44
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is a hip hike during swing phase?

A
  • compensation for weak DFs
  • compensation for weak knee flexors
  • compensation for extensor synergy pattern
45
Q

What are some common causes of a gait deviation in which there is exaggerated hip flexion during swing?

A
  • lower extremity flexor synergy

- compensation for insufficient ankle DF

MSK Clinical Templates (6 decks)

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