GAIT Flashcards
What are the names of the phases according to traditional terminology
Heel strike Foot flat Midstance Heel off Toe off
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration
What are the names of the phases according to RLA?
Initial contact Loading response Midstance Terminal stance Preswing
Initial swing
Mid swing
Terminal swing
Muscle activation during heel strike/initial contact?
QUADS are active at heel strike through early stance to control small amt of knee flexion for shock absorption ANKLE DF (tib ant, EHL, EDL) control lowering of foot from heel strike to foot flat
What are the two period of double support in the gait cycle?
Foot flat/loading response
And
Toe off/pre-swing
Muscle activation during foot flat/loading response?
GASTROC-SOLEUS muscles are active from foot flat thru midstance to eccentrically Control forward tibial advancement
Muscle activation during midstance/midstance?
Hip, knee and ankle EXTENSORS are active throughout stance to oppose anti-gravity forces and stabilize the limb
During midstance, hip extensors control what?
Forward motion of the trunk
During midstance, hip abductors control what?
Stabilize the pelvis during U/L stance
During midstance, the gastroc-soleus muscles control what?
Forward tibial advancement and ENERGY IS STORED as Achilles’ tendons elongate
Muscle activation during heel off/terminal stance?
Peak activity of what muscle?
PLANTAR FLEXORS - occurs from heel off to toe off and generate forward propulsion of the body and swing limb
During heel off/terminal stance, what happens to the energy stored in Achilles’ tendon from previous phase?
RELEASED
Muscle activation during toe off/preswing?
Hip and knee EXTENSORS (HS AND QUADS) may contribute to forward propulsion with a brief burst of activity
Muscle activation during acceleration/initial swing?
Forward acceleration of the limb achieved through the brief action of the ______
By midswing, the _____ are silent and pendular motion is in effect
Hip _____ (_______) aid in forward limp propulsion
QUADS
Quads
Flexors (iliopsoas)
Muscle activation during midswing/midswing?
Foot clearance is achieved by hip flexors, knee flexors, and ankle DF’ors
Muscle activation during deceleration/terminal swing?
____ act during late swing to decelerate the limb in prep for heel strike
____ and _____ _____ become active in late swing to prepare for heel strike
HS
Quads and ankle DF
Pelvic motion, in transverse plane…
The pelvis on the side of the swing limb moves forward to advance the limb; mean rotation is ___ degrees.
The C/L side also rotates ___ degrees when it is the swing limb for a total of __ degrees
4
4
8
Pelvis motion, frontal plane (lateral pelvic tilt):
__ degrees, controlled by hip ____ muscles
The side C/L to the stance limb ____ during loading response
5
Abductors
Drops
Pelvic motion, sagittal plane (anterior/posterior tilt):
The pelvis is naturally ____ tilted at ______ degrees
And is pulled _____ as the hip _____ reach the end range of terminal stance
The pelvis moves side to side ___ cm, moving toward the stance limb during loading response
Anteriorly, 10-15
Anterior, flexors
4 cm
Mean cadence for walking is approximately? Running?
110 spm
180 spm
Velocity of walking speed average is approximately?
1.3 m/s (3 mph)
Average O2 rate for comfortable walking is ____ mL/kg x min
12
Metabolic cost of walking averages ___ kcal/min on level surfaces
5.5
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Lateral trunk bending as a result of weak _________
Glute med
Will see bending to the SAME side as weakness (trendelenberg gait)
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Backward trunk lean is result of weak ________
Will have difficulty with what?
Glute max
Going up stairs or ramps
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Forward trunk lean is the result of weak ______
And with ___ and ____ flexion contractures
Quads
Hip and knee
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Excessive hip flexion is due to weak _____ or tight ____ and ____
Hip extensors
Hip and/or knee flexors
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Limited hip extension is the result of ____ or ____ hip _____
Tight or spastic hip flexors
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Limited hip flexion is the result of weak _____ or tight _____
Hip flexors
Extensors
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Abn synergistic activity causes excessive hip _____ combined with hip and knee _____, _______
______ or ______ gait pattern
Adduction
Extension, plantarflexion
Scissoring, adducted
Gait deviations:
Trunk and hip:
Antalgic gait- stance time is abbreviated on _____ limb, which results in uneven gait pattern
The uninvolved limb has a ______ ______ ______ because it must WB sooner than normal
Painful
Shorter step length
Gait deviations:
Knee:
Excess knee flexion: the result of weak _______ or ____ ____ contracture
Quads
Knee flexion
Gait deviations:
Knee:
Excess knee flexion will have difficulty with what activity?
______ trunk bending can compensate for weak quads
Going down stairs or ramps
Forward
Gait deviations:
Knee:
Hyperextension: the result of weak ________, or ______ contracture, or ______ spasticity
Quads
Plantarflexion
Extensor
Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Forefoot initial contact: Often results from weak \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Spastic or tight \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ May also be caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
Dorsiflexors
Plantarflexors
Shortened leg
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot:
Foot slap:
Forefoot contacts floor with an audible slap after IC; the result of weak _____ or ______
Dorsiflexors
Hypotonia
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot:
Foot flat: Heel and forefoot contact the ground simultaneously; the result of weak _______, limited ______; or ________ gait pattern
Dorsiflexors
ROM
Immature
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot:
Calcaneus gait: Loading predominantly on heel with excessive _______ and uncontrolled forward motion of the tibia - this results from weak _________
Dorsiflexion
PF’ors
Gait deviations: Ankle/foot: Equinus gait: Does the heel touch the ground? The result of spasticity or contracture of \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
No
Plantarflexors
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot: Supination:
______ calcaneus and excessive _____ loading of the foot
May occur at IC and correct at the foot flat with weight acceptance or remain throughout stance
Possible causes include?
Varus
Lateral
Spastic invertors, weak evertors, pes varus, genu varum
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot: Hyperpronation:
Excessive _____ contact of foot during stance with _____ position of calcaneus
Possible causes include?
Medial, valgus
Pes valgus, weak invertors, spasticity
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot: Clawed toes
Result of spastic ___ ________; possibly a hyperactive ______ ____ _____
Toe flexors
Plantar grasp reflex
Gait deviations:
Ankle/foot: Inadequate push off: the results of weak _____ ____, decreased ROM into _________, or pain in the ________
Plantar flexors, PF, forefoot
Gait deviations:
Swing: Trunk and Hip:
Insufficient forward pelvic rotation (Stiff pelvis, pelvic retraction)
The result of weak ______ muscles, weak ______ muscles
Abdominal
Flexor
Gait deviations:
Swing: Trunk and Hip:
Insufficient hip and knee flexion: the result of weak ___ and _____ flexors; inability to lift the leg and move it forward
Hip and knee
Gait deviations:
Swing: Trunk and Hip:
Circumduction: the leg swings out to the side (abd/ER followed by add/IR), the result of what weak muscles?
Weak hip and knee flexors
Gait deviations:
Swing: Trunk and Hip:
Hip hiking (QL Action): a compensatory response for weak ___ and ____ flexors, or _____ spasticity
Hip and knee
Extensor
Gait deviations:
Swing: Trunk and Hip:
Excessive hip and knee flexion (steppage gait): a compensatory response to ______ the leg; the result of weak ______
May be seen with diabetic neuropathy of the _____ nerve
Shorten
DF’ors
Peroneal nerve
Gait deviations:
Swing: Trunk and Hip: Abn synergistic activity: Excession ___ and ___ flexion with abduction
Hip and knee
Gait deviations:
Swing: Knee:
Insufficient knee flexion: the result of ______ spasticity, Pain/decreased ROM, or weak _______
Extensor
HS
Gait deviations:
Swing: Knee: excessive knee flexion: the result of _____ spasticity; ______ _____ _____
Flexor
Flexion withdrawal reflex
Gait deviations:
Swing: ankle/foot: Foot drop/equinus: the result of weak or delayed contraction of the ______ or spastic ________
DF’ors
PF’ors
Gait deviations:
Swing: ankle/foot: Varus/inverted foot: the result of spastic _______, weak ________, or abn synergistic pattern
Invertors
Peroneals
Gait deviations:
Swing: ankle/foot: Equinovarus: the result of spasticity of the ____ ____ and or __________
Developmental abnormality
Post tib
Gastroc-soleus
