Gait Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 main functions of gait
A
- Support head, arms, and trunk
- Maintain upright posture and balance
- Controls the foot and allows it to clear obstacles and enables gentle heel or toe landing
- Generate mechanical energy by concentric muscle contraction
- Provide shock absorption and stability
2
Q
At what age is gait no longer irregular and variable
A
7 years old
3
Q
How do toddlers and the elderly walk
A
Wider base of support and wider arms
4
Q
What are 3 key things needed for successful gait
A
- Forward progression
- Balance
- Support of the upright body
5
Q
What is 1 gait cycle
A
Initial contact to initial contact on the same fot
6
Q
What does 1 gait cycle also equal
A
A stride
7
Q
What is a step
A
Initial contact to initial contact on opposite feet
8
Q
What is the gait cycle (8)
A
- Heel strike
- Foot flat
- Midstance
- Heel off
- Toe off
- Acceleration
- Midswing
- Deceleration
9
Q
How long are you in the stance phase and swing phase
A
Stance: 60%
Swing: 40%
10
Q
What are the 2 sub parts of the stance phase
A
- Restraining
2. Propelling
11
Q
What are the 2 sub parts of the swing phase
A
- Acceleration
2. Deceleration
12
Q
What is heel strike equal to
A
Initial contact
13
Q
What is foot flat equal to
A
Loading response
14
Q
What is single leg stance equal to
A
Midstance
15
Q
What is heel off equal to
A
Terminal stance
16
Q
What is toe off equal to
A
Preswing
17
Q
What is acceleration equal to
A
Initial swing
18
Q
What is deceleration equal to
A
Terminal swing
19
Q
What type of contraction occurs during deceleration/terminal swing
A
Eccentric
20
Q
What type of contraction occurs during acceleration/initial swing
A
Concentric
21
Q
What is the average stride length
A
70-82 cm
22
Q
What is the average step length
A
35-41 cm
23
Q
What is the average base width
A
5-10 cm
24
Q
What is the average foot angle (fick angle)
A
5-18 degrees
25
What is the average cadance
90-120 steps/min
26
What is the average gait speed
1.4 m/sec
27
Where is the COG located in the body
5 cm or 2 inches anterior to S2
28
When should a gait assessment be done
With every patient
29
What is the time up and go test (TUG)
Stand up walk around an X 10 feet away from you and come sit back down and time patient
30
What is good function considered for the TUG test
10 seconds
31
What does POMA stand for
Performance oriented balance ad mobility assessment
32
What does SWOC stand for
Standarized walking obstacle course
33
True or False:
When look at gait you should always try and determine if the problem is the primary cause of the gait deviation or if it is a compensation for something else
True
34
What are the 3 main reasons for gait deviations
1. Pathology or injury to specific joint
2. Compensations for injury or pathology on the same side
3. Compensations for injury or pathology on the opposite side
35
What are other factors that contribute to common gait deviations (6)
1. Compression load intolerance
2. Pain/discomfort during WB
3. Muscle weakness/tone abnormalities
4. Limitation of joint ROM
5. Incoordination of movement
6. Changes in bone or soft tissue
36
What can a leg length discrepancy cause (5)
1. Pelvis shift
2. Back pain
3. Pelvic rotation
4. Flex knee and hip on other side
5. Vaulting gait
37
What does anklyosis cause
Increased kyphosis
38
What does someone with joint instability look like
Loosey goosey
39
What is an antalgic gait
A gait where a person is trying to avoid pain by walking very gingerly
40
True or False:
| You should never ask a person with an antalgic gait if something is bothering them
False
41
What is an arthrogenic gait
Very stiff at a certain joint
42
What is hemiplegia
One sided paralysis
43
How does a person's gait with hemiplegia look
Dragging limb that is paralyzed
44
Who more commonly has cerebral palsy
Kids
45
What is cerebral palsy
Tone issue one or two sided
46
What type of gait do people with parkinson's disease have
Festinating gait
47
What is a festinating gait
Small rapid steps, no heel strike, head down, little toe clearing
48
What is tabes dorsalis
Loss of coordination of movement due to an STI
49
How does syphilis affect a person's gait
Ataxia, Pain in limbs, Absent DTRs, changes in spinal cord, changes in feet, lightening pain, and posterior spinal column affected
50
What type of foot do people with syphilis develop
Charcot foot which is a really flat foot
51
What is ataxia
Incoordination of movement/scattered movements
52
What happens to gait as you age (4)
1. Smaller steps
2. COM is lower
3. Try to improve stability with arms
4. Look at the ground because they are afraid of falling
53
What is an equinus gait
Walking on the toes like you have hooves like a horse
54
What causes an equinus gait
Congenital foot abnormality or musculoskeletal/neuromuscular problem
55
What causes a trendelenburg gait
Loss of control of lateral pelvic muscles
56
What is the main muscle involved in a trendelenburg gait
Gluteus medius
57
What happens when the person puts weight on the leg when they have a trendelenburg gait
Hip moves toward ipsilateral side
58
What is an uncompensated trendelenburg gait
When the hip drops out (runway walk)
59
What is a compensated trendelenburg gait
Put COM over the axis of rotation of the hip joint
60
What is a scissor gait
The feet cross midline
61
What causes a scissor gait (2)
1. Hypertonicity of adductors
| 2. Contractures
62
What causes foot drop (4)
1. Damage to fibular nerve
2. Stroke
3. L5-S1 radiculopathy
4. Tibialis anterior isn't working properly
63
What are the 2 types of gait someone will have when they have foot drop
1. They will drag the foot
| 2. Clear foot and the foot flops down
64
What does hip flexor weakness cause (2)
1. Shortened step length
| 2. Rotate trunk to bring leg forward
65
What does hip abductor weakness cause (1)
Trendelenburg gait
66
What does hip extensor weakness cause (3)
1. Hunched over
2. Short stride
3. Effects concentric push off and eccentric slowing
67
What does quadriceps weakness cause (1)
Locked knees/hyperextended knees
68
Why are the knees locked with quadriceps weakness
To make a stable joint surface
69
What is the big problem with constantly hyperextended knees
Pressure on the popliteal regions that can eventually blow out the popliteal region
70
How do they fix a blown out popliteal region
Amputation
71
What does hamstring weakness cause (1)
Decreased foot clearance
72
What does dorsiflexor weakness cause (1)
Foot drop
73
What does plantarflexor weakness cause (2)
1. No push off
| 2. Foot flat gait
74
What deformity does dorsiflexor weakness cause
Equinus deformity
75
What deformity does plantarflexor weakness cause
Calcaneal deformity
76
What are 4 impairment indicators for an assistive device
1. Structural deformity
2. Decreased ability to WB in LE
3. Muscle weakness/paralysis
4. Inadequate balance
77
What are 3 things assistive devices can do for a patient
1. Increase BOS and provide additional support
2. Provide larger area for patient to shift COG without loss of balance
3. Redistribute support within a wider BOS
78
What are 4 factors that may hinder patient learning
1. Pain
2. Fatigue
3. Ability to concentrate
4. Time of day
79
What is recurvatum
Hyperextension of the knee
80
What is the order of devices from most to least stable (9)
1. Parallel bars
2. Walker
3. Bilateral axillary crutches
4. Bilateral forearm crutches
5. Bilateral canes
6. Hemiwalker
7. Quad cane
8. Single point cane
9. No assistive device
81
What is the order of devices from least coordination required to most (7)
1. Parallel bars
2. Walker
3. One cane
4. Two canes
5. Hemiwalker/quad cane
6. Axillary crutches
7. Forearm crutches
82
What does NW mean
0% of body weight, involved LE does not touch the ground
83
What does TTWB/TDWB mean
Only use involved LE for balance
84
What does PWB mean
20-50% of body weight during stance phase
85
What does WBAT
100% body weight as long as it is tolerated by the patient without a limp
86
What is FWB
100% body weight with no limitations
