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Musculo 2 > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of gait

A
  1. Support head, arms, and trunk
  2. Maintain upright posture and balance
  3. Controls the foot and allows it to clear obstacles and enables gentle heel or toe landing
  4. Generate mechanical energy by concentric muscle contraction
  5. Provide shock absorption and stability
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2
Q

At what age is gait no longer irregular and variable

A

7 years old

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3
Q

How do toddlers and the elderly walk

A

Wider base of support and wider arms

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4
Q

What are 3 key things needed for successful gait

A
  1. Forward progression
  2. Balance
  3. Support of the upright body
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5
Q

What is 1 gait cycle

A

Initial contact to initial contact on the same fot

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6
Q

What does 1 gait cycle also equal

A

A stride

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7
Q

What is a step

A

Initial contact to initial contact on opposite feet

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8
Q

What is the gait cycle (8)

A
  1. Heel strike
  2. Foot flat
  3. Midstance
  4. Heel off
  5. Toe off
  6. Acceleration
  7. Midswing
  8. Deceleration
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9
Q

How long are you in the stance phase and swing phase

A

Stance: 60%
Swing: 40%

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10
Q

What are the 2 sub parts of the stance phase

A
  1. Restraining

2. Propelling

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11
Q

What are the 2 sub parts of the swing phase

A
  1. Acceleration

2. Deceleration

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12
Q

What is heel strike equal to

A

Initial contact

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13
Q

What is foot flat equal to

A

Loading response

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14
Q

What is single leg stance equal to

A

Midstance

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15
Q

What is heel off equal to

A

Terminal stance

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16
Q

What is toe off equal to

A

Preswing

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17
Q

What is acceleration equal to

A

Initial swing

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18
Q

What is deceleration equal to

A

Terminal swing

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19
Q

What type of contraction occurs during deceleration/terminal swing

A

Eccentric

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20
Q

What type of contraction occurs during acceleration/initial swing

A

Concentric

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21
Q

What is the average stride length

A

70-82 cm

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22
Q

What is the average step length

A

35-41 cm

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23
Q

What is the average base width

A

5-10 cm

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24
Q

What is the average foot angle (fick angle)

A

5-18 degrees

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25
Q

What is the average cadance

A

90-120 steps/min

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26
Q

What is the average gait speed

A

1.4 m/sec

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27
Q

Where is the COG located in the body

A

5 cm or 2 inches anterior to S2

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28
Q

When should a gait assessment be done

A

With every patient

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29
Q

What is the time up and go test (TUG)

A

Stand up walk around an X 10 feet away from you and come sit back down and time patient

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30
Q

What is good function considered for the TUG test

A

10 seconds

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31
Q

What does POMA stand for

A

Performance oriented balance ad mobility assessment

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32
Q

What does SWOC stand for

A

Standarized walking obstacle course

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33
Q

True or False:
When look at gait you should always try and determine if the problem is the primary cause of the gait deviation or if it is a compensation for something else

A

True

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34
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for gait deviations

A
  1. Pathology or injury to specific joint
  2. Compensations for injury or pathology on the same side
  3. Compensations for injury or pathology on the opposite side
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35
Q

What are other factors that contribute to common gait deviations (6)

A
  1. Compression load intolerance
  2. Pain/discomfort during WB
  3. Muscle weakness/tone abnormalities
  4. Limitation of joint ROM
  5. Incoordination of movement
  6. Changes in bone or soft tissue
36
Q

What can a leg length discrepancy cause (5)

A
  1. Pelvis shift
  2. Back pain
  3. Pelvic rotation
  4. Flex knee and hip on other side
  5. Vaulting gait
37
Q

What does anklyosis cause

A

Increased kyphosis

38
Q

What does someone with joint instability look like

A

Loosey goosey

39
Q

What is an antalgic gait

A

A gait where a person is trying to avoid pain by walking very gingerly

40
Q

True or False:

You should never ask a person with an antalgic gait if something is bothering them

A

False

41
Q

What is an arthrogenic gait

A

Very stiff at a certain joint

42
Q

What is hemiplegia

A

One sided paralysis

43
Q

How does a person’s gait with hemiplegia look

A

Dragging limb that is paralyzed

44
Q

Who more commonly has cerebral palsy

A

Kids

45
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A

Tone issue one or two sided

46
Q

What type of gait do people with parkinson’s disease have

A

Festinating gait

47
Q

What is a festinating gait

A

Small rapid steps, no heel strike, head down, little toe clearing

48
Q

What is tabes dorsalis

A

Loss of coordination of movement due to an STI

49
Q

How does syphilis affect a person’s gait

A

Ataxia, Pain in limbs, Absent DTRs, changes in spinal cord, changes in feet, lightening pain, and posterior spinal column affected

50
Q

What type of foot do people with syphilis develop

A

Charcot foot which is a really flat foot

51
Q

What is ataxia

A

Incoordination of movement/scattered movements

52
Q

What happens to gait as you age (4)

A
  1. Smaller steps
  2. COM is lower
  3. Try to improve stability with arms
  4. Look at the ground because they are afraid of falling
53
Q

What is an equinus gait

A

Walking on the toes like you have hooves like a horse

54
Q

What causes an equinus gait

A

Congenital foot abnormality or musculoskeletal/neuromuscular problem

55
Q

What causes a trendelenburg gait

A

Loss of control of lateral pelvic muscles

56
Q

What is the main muscle involved in a trendelenburg gait

A

Gluteus medius

57
Q

What happens when the person puts weight on the leg when they have a trendelenburg gait

A

Hip moves toward ipsilateral side

58
Q

What is an uncompensated trendelenburg gait

A

When the hip drops out (runway walk)

59
Q

What is a compensated trendelenburg gait

A

Put COM over the axis of rotation of the hip joint

60
Q

What is a scissor gait

A

The feet cross midline

61
Q

What causes a scissor gait (2)

A
  1. Hypertonicity of adductors

2. Contractures

62
Q

What causes foot drop (4)

A
  1. Damage to fibular nerve
  2. Stroke
  3. L5-S1 radiculopathy
  4. Tibialis anterior isn’t working properly
63
Q

What are the 2 types of gait someone will have when they have foot drop

A
  1. They will drag the foot

2. Clear foot and the foot flops down

64
Q

What does hip flexor weakness cause (2)

A
  1. Shortened step length

2. Rotate trunk to bring leg forward

65
Q

What does hip abductor weakness cause (1)

A

Trendelenburg gait

66
Q

What does hip extensor weakness cause (3)

A
  1. Hunched over
  2. Short stride
  3. Effects concentric push off and eccentric slowing
67
Q

What does quadriceps weakness cause (1)

A

Locked knees/hyperextended knees

68
Q

Why are the knees locked with quadriceps weakness

A

To make a stable joint surface

69
Q

What is the big problem with constantly hyperextended knees

A

Pressure on the popliteal regions that can eventually blow out the popliteal region

70
Q

How do they fix a blown out popliteal region

A

Amputation

71
Q

What does hamstring weakness cause (1)

A

Decreased foot clearance

72
Q

What does dorsiflexor weakness cause (1)

A

Foot drop

73
Q

What does plantarflexor weakness cause (2)

A
  1. No push off

2. Foot flat gait

74
Q

What deformity does dorsiflexor weakness cause

A

Equinus deformity

75
Q

What deformity does plantarflexor weakness cause

A

Calcaneal deformity

76
Q

What are 4 impairment indicators for an assistive device

A
  1. Structural deformity
  2. Decreased ability to WB in LE
  3. Muscle weakness/paralysis
  4. Inadequate balance
77
Q

What are 3 things assistive devices can do for a patient

A
  1. Increase BOS and provide additional support
  2. Provide larger area for patient to shift COG without loss of balance
  3. Redistribute support within a wider BOS
78
Q

What are 4 factors that may hinder patient learning

A
  1. Pain
  2. Fatigue
  3. Ability to concentrate
  4. Time of day
79
Q

What is recurvatum

A

Hyperextension of the knee

80
Q

What is the order of devices from most to least stable (9)

A
  1. Parallel bars
  2. Walker
  3. Bilateral axillary crutches
  4. Bilateral forearm crutches
  5. Bilateral canes
  6. Hemiwalker
  7. Quad cane
  8. Single point cane
  9. No assistive device
81
Q

What is the order of devices from least coordination required to most (7)

A
  1. Parallel bars
  2. Walker
  3. One cane
  4. Two canes
  5. Hemiwalker/quad cane
  6. Axillary crutches
  7. Forearm crutches
82
Q

What does NW mean

A

0% of body weight, involved LE does not touch the ground

83
Q

What does TTWB/TDWB mean

A

Only use involved LE for balance

84
Q

What does PWB mean

A

20-50% of body weight during stance phase

85
Q

What does WBAT

A

100% body weight as long as it is tolerated by the patient without a limp

86
Q

What is FWB

A

100% body weight with no limitations

Musculo 2 (3 decks)

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