gait

Question 1

normal gait

Answer 1

-series of rhythmical alternating movements of the trunk & limbs - result in forward progression of center of gravity

Question 2

normal gait cycle

Answer 2

• single sequence of functions by one limb
• begins when reference foot contacts ground
• ends w/ subsequent contact of same foot

Question 3

step length

Answer 3

-distance between corresponding successive points of heel contact of the opposite foot

Question 4

stride length

Answer 4

• distance between successive points of heel contact of same foot
• 2x step length
• decreases with age

Question 5

walking base

Answer 5

• side to side distance between line of 2 feet
• linear distance between midpoint of heel of one foot & same loin on other
• normal: 5-10cm

Question 6

degree toe out

Answer 6

• angle foot placement
• angle formed by each foot line of progression & line intersect center of heel & 2nd toe
• normal: 7deg
• decreases as speed increases

Question 7

cadence

Answer 7

• number steps per unit time
• normal: 100-115 steps/min
• short step length increases cadence
• increase cadence - double support time decrease

Question 8

velocity

Answer 8

• distance covered by body in unit time

- average velocity(m/min) = step length x cadence

Question 9

comfortable walking speed (CWS)

Answer 9

• least energy consumption per unit distance

- avg: 80m/min

Question 10

stance time

Answer 10

-amt time spent during stance phase of gait cycle of one extremity

Question 11

single support time

Answer 11

• amt time spent during the period when only one extremity is on the supporting surface
• 40% gait cycle

Question 12

double support time

Answer 12

• amt time spent w/ both feet on the ground during gait cycle
• decreases w/ speed
• 20% gait cycle

Question 13

stride duration

Answer 13

-amt time spent to complete one stride (gait cycle)

Question 14

step duration

Answer 14

-amt time spent in completion of single step

Question 15

phases of gait

Answer 15

• 2 phases
• 2 periods double support
  
  • 10% gait cycle
• body supported by single limb 80% gait cycle

Question 16

phase 1

Answer 16

• stance phase - 60%
• 1 heel contact -initial contact
• 2 foot flat - loading response
• 3 midstance
• 4 heel off - terminal stance
• 5 toe off - pre swing

Question 17

phase 2

Answer 17

• swing phase - 40%
• 1 acceleration -initial swing
• 2 mid swing
• 3 deceleration - terminal swing

Question 18

increase walking speed

Answer 18

• stance phase decreases
• swing phase increases
• double support decreases

Question 19

center of gravity (CG)

Answer 19

• midway between hips

- body uses least energy if CG in straight line

Question 20

CG vertical displacement

Answer 20

• rhythmic up&down
• highest pt - mid stance
• lowest pt - double support
• avg displacement - 5cm

Question 21

CG lateral displacement

Answer 21

• rhythmic side-to-side
• lateral limit - mid stance
• avg displacement - 5cm

Question 22

CG overall displacement

Answer 22

-vertical + lateral displacement

Question 23

determinants of gait

Answer 23

• 6 optimizations used to minimize excursion of CG

- significantly reduce energy consumption of ambulation

Question 24

pelvic rotation (determinant of gait)

Answer 24

• forward rotation of pelvis (8deg) swing phase
• reduces angle hip flexion/extension
• longer step length w/o lowering CG

Question 25

pelvic tilt (determinant of gait)

Answer 25

• 5deg dip of swinging side
• dip - trendelenburg sign
• reduces hight of apex of CG

Question 26

keen flexion in stance phase (determinant of gait)

Answer 26

• 20deg dip
• shortens leg in mid stance
• reduces height of apex of CG

Question 27

ankle mechanism (determinant of gait)

Answer 27

• lengthens leg at heel contact
• smoothes curve of CG
• reduces lowering CG

Question 28

foot mechanism (determinant of gait)

Answer 28

• lengthens leg at toe off as ankle moves from dorsiflexion to plantar flexion
• smoothes curve of CG
• reduces lowering CG

Question 29

lateral displacement of body (determinant of gait)

Answer 29

• normal narrow width of walking base minimizes lateral displacement of CG
• reduced muscular energy consumption due to reduced lateral acceleration & deceleration

Question 30

antalgic gait abnormality

Answer 30

• stance phase on affected side shortened
• increase stance phase on unaffected side
• common cause: fracture, tendonitis

Question 31

functional leg-length discrepancy abnormality

Answer 31

• swing leg longer than stance leg

- compensation: circumduction, hip hiking, steppage(foot drop), vaulting(elevation pelvis & plantar flexion stance leg)

Question 32

increased walking base abnormality

Answer 32

• deformities: abducted hip, valgus knee

- instability: cerebellar ataxia, proprioception deficits

Question 33

inadequate dorsiflexion control abnormality

Answer 33

• stance phase - foot slap
• swing phase - toe drag
• cause: weak tibialis anterior, spastic plantarflexors

Question 34

excessive knee extension abnormality

Answer 34

• loss of normal knee flexion during stance phase
• knee may hyperflex(genu recurvatum)
• cause: quad weakness, quad spasticity, knee flexor weakness