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Kines Exam 2 > Gait #2 > Flashcards

Gait #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs in sagittal plane at foot and ankle at initial contact?

A

Neutral to slight plantar flexion

-Heel rocker (1st) is initiated

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2
Q

What occurs in sagittal plane at foot and ankle at Loading response?

A

rapid plantarflexion to get foot flat on floor

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3
Q

What occurs in sagittal plane at foot and ankle at midstance to terminal stance?

A

time of closed chain dorsiflexion to about 10°, MTP extension to 30°
◦ Ankle Rocker
◦ Forefoot Rocker

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4
Q

What occurs in sagittal plane at foot and ankle at preswing?

A

Transition from time of max dorsiflexed position toward max plantarflexed position
◦ Max MTP extension to 60°
◦ Heel Lift off

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5
Q

What occurs in sagittal plane at foot and ankle at initial swing?

A

Dorsiflexion to about 5° of plantarflexion

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6
Q

What occurs in sagittal plane at foot and ankle at midswing to terminal swing?

A

Dorsiflexion to neutral, prepare for heel strike

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7
Q

Critical events of ankle at different phases of gait (IC, LR, MSt, TSt, PSw, MSw)

A 
IC: Heel first contact
 LR: Ankle PF
 MSt: Controlled tibial advancement
 TSt: Controlled ankle DF with heel rise
 PSw: Ankle PF
 MSw: Foot clearance
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8
Q

Describe heel rocker (1st rocker):

A

Motion of the foot from a dorsiflexed to plantarflexed position during LR to achieve foot flat (caused by ground reaction force vector posterior to ankle joint)

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9
Q

Describe ankle rocker (2nd rocker):

A

Closed chain advancement of the tibia into a dorsiflexed position over a fixed foot during MSt

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10
Q

Describe forefoot rocker (3rd rocker):

A

(also called winless mechanism) Begins when center of pressure is over the mets and heel lift occurs in TSt/PSw (ends as soon as toe leaves floor)

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11
Q

What do rockers allow for?

A

Smooth and efficient gate

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12
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during IC?

A

neutral to 5 flexion

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13
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during LR?

A

Flexing to 15

-shock absorption

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14
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during MSt -> TSt?

A

extension back to 5 flex/neutral

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15
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during PSw?

A

rapid flexion to 40

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16
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during ISw?

A

more flexion to 60

-limb clearance

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17
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during MSw?

A

rapid extension to 25 flexion

-step length

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18
Q

What occurs at the knee in the sagittal plane during TSw?

A

further extension to 5/neutral

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19
Q

List critical events of knee during different phases of gait (LR, PSw, ISw, TSw):

A 
LR: Controlled knee flexion (we will buckle and fall if 
      not controlled)
PSw: Passive knee flexion
ISw: Knee flexion
TSw: Knee extension
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20
Q

What occurs at the hip in the sagittal plane during IC

-> LR?

A

20 leftover flexion (passive position)

21
Q

What occurs at the hip in the sagittal plane during MSt?

A

extension into neutral hip position as the body progresses forward

22
Q

What occurs at the hip in the sagittal plane during TSt?

A

max 20 hip extension occurs

-body past foot

23
Q

What occurs at the hip in the sagittal plane during PSw?

A

Flexion to about 10° of hip extension

◦ Reversal from extension to flexion

24
Q

What occurs at the hip in the sagittal plane during ISw?

A

Continued flexion to 15

25
Q

What occurs at the hip in the sagittal plane during MSw -> TSw?

A

continued flexion to 25-30

26
Q

Critical events at the hip (LR, ISw, MSw):

A

LR: Hip stability
ISw: Hip flexion
MSw: Hip flexion

27
Q

What are the ROM of the hip and why are they needed? (Flex/ext)

A

Hip (~40°)

  1. Flexion: 25° - Step length (TSw)
  2. Extension :20° - Trailing limb (TSt)
28
Q

What are the ROM of the knee and why are they needed? (Flex/ext)

A

Knee (~60°)

  1. Flexion: 60° - Foot clearance (ISw)
  2. Extension: 0° - Step length (TSw/IC)
29
Q

What are the ROM of the ankle and why are they needed? (Flex/ext)

A

Ankle (~30°)

  1. Plantarflexion: 20° - Toe off (PSw)
  2. Dorsiflexion: 10° - Tibial Advancement (TSt)
30
Q

CoM is lowest at midpoint of both periods of what?

A

Double-limb support (5% and 55%)

31
Q

CoM is highest at midpoint of what periods?

A

Both periods of single limb support (30% and 80%)

32
Q

What occurs in frontal plane at foot and ankle at initial contact?

A

Slight inversion of the hindfoot

33
Q

What occurs in frontal plane at foot and ankle at LR - MSt?

A

eversion of the hindfoot
◦ Pronation (flexible foot position for foot to adapt to surface and load)
◦ Forefoot follows hindfoot position

34
Q

What occurs in frontal plane at foot and ankle at TSt - PSw?

A

Inversion

◦ Resupination! (rigid lever for stable base)

35
Q

What occurs in frontal plane at foot and ankle at swing phase?

A

Variable

36
Q

What occurs in frontal plane at knee during gait?

A

Not much movement with normal gait

◦ Total movement around 5-10°

37
Q

What occurs in the frontal plane at the hip and pelvis during IC?

A

neutral ab/duction

38
Q

What occurs in the frontal plane at the hip and pelvis during LR - MSt?

A

adduction during weight acceptance

◦ Contralateral hip drop

39
Q

What occurs in the frontal plane at the hip and pelvis during MSt-TSt?

A 
increased adduction (up to 15°)
◦	Weight shift over stance limb
40
Q

What occurs in horizontal plane at hip during gait?

A

o Forward rotation of the pelvis on the stance limb occurs with hip flexion during swing
o Increases greater step length than that of hip flexion alone

41
Q

What occurs in horizontal plane at trunk during gait?

A

o Opposite rotation from pelvic motion

o Total excursion 7º - 9º

42
Q

What occurs in horizontal plane at shoulder during gait?

A

o Opposite sagittal plane motion from ipsilateral hip
o Partially active, particularly shoulder extension
o Balances rotational forces of the trunk

43
Q

Maximal horizontal shift to R occurs at what phase of gait? (R leg reference)

A

the end of midstance (30%)

44
Q

Maximal horizontal shift to L occurs at what phase of gait? (R leg reference)

A

during midswing (80%) of the R leg

45
Q 
Gait deviation: Decrease Great toe extension
What phase?
What plane?
What would you observe?
What could be cause?
What would result be?
A
  • Phase: TSt, PSw
  • Plane: Sagittal
  • Observation: Patient does not complete forefoot rocker and ends stance phase noticeably early
  • Cause: Joint hypomobility (hallux rigidus), pain, bone spur, gouty arthritis, plantar fasciitis
  • Result: decreased push off, shortened stance time
46
Q 
Gait deviation: Steppage Gait/Increased Knee Flexion
What phase?
What plane?
What would you observe?
What could be cause?
What would result be?
A
  • Phase: Swing phase
  • Plane: Sagittal
  • Observation: Increased hip and knee flexion with loss of ankle DF
  • Causes: foot drop/nerve disorder, polyneuropathy, equinus deformity
  • Result: prolonged swing phase, fall risk, decreased efficiency
47
Q 
Gait deviation: Foot Flat Contact
What phase?
What plane?
What would you observe?
What could be cause?
What would result be?
A
  • Phase: IC
  • Plane: Sagittal
  • Observation: mid foot or forefoot makes first contact with ground instead of heel
  • Cause: Excessive knee flexion in late swing, weak/impaired DF
  • Result: absent heel rocker (can have normal ankle rocker)
48
Q 
Gait deviation: Circumduction
What phase?
What plane?
What would you observe?
What could be cause?
What would result be?
A
  • Phase: Swing
  • Plane: Frontal
  • Observation: lateral whipping motion of the limb during swing at the hip
  • Cause: impaired knee flexion ROM, impaired ankle DF ROM
  • Result: Compensation for failure to functionally shorten the limb during swing, increased fall risk
49
Q 
Gait deviation: Increased lumbar lordosis
What phase?
What plane?
What would you observe?
What could be cause?
What would result be?
A
  • Phase: TSt
  • Plane: Sagittal
  • Observation: increased lumbar lordosis during late stance phase
  • Cause: Hip flexor contracture, Hip OA
  • Result: Lack of hip extension in terminal stance is compensated for by increased lordosis in the spine

Kines Exam 2 (6 decks)

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