gag Flashcards

1
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units.

Example: Chondroitin sulfate

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2
Q

What is the primary function of GAGs?

A

They help in maintaining the structural integrity of tissues by attracting water and forming a gel-like matrix.

Example: Hyaluronic acid

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3
Q

Name the repeating disaccharide units in GAGs.

A

An amino sugar (like N-acetylglucosamine) and a uronic sugar (like glucuronic acid).

Example: Keratan sulfate

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4
Q

How do GAGs contribute to tissue hydration?

A

GAGs are highly negatively charged, attracting water molecules and creating a hydrated gel-like matrix.

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5
Q

List four main types of glycosaminoglycans.

A

Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.

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6
Q

Which GAG is most abundant in cartilage?

A

Chondroitin sulfate.

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7
Q

What is the role of hyaluronic acid in the body?

A

It acts as a lubricant in joints and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

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8
Q

How is heparin related to GAGs?

A

Heparin is a type of GAG that functions as an anticoagulant.

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9
Q

What is a unique feature of keratan sulfate?

A

It is a sulfated GAG that does not contain a uronic acid.

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10
Q

Where is dermatan sulfate primarily found?

A

In skin, blood vessels, and heart valves.

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11
Q

Which GAG is not typically covalently attached to proteins?

A

Hyaluronic acid.

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12
Q

How do GAGs influence cell signaling?

A

They bind to growth factors, enhancing or inhibiting their signaling pathways.

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13
Q

What enzyme is responsible for degrading GAGs?

A

Lysosomal hydrolases.

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14
Q

Which GAG is most closely associated with corneal transparency?

A

Keratan sulfate.

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15
Q

What condition is associated with defective degradation of GAGs?

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a group of metabolic disorders.

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16
Q

Which GAG plays a crucial role in the basement membrane?

A

Heparan sulfate.

17
Q

How does chondroitin sulfate contribute to joint function?

A

By providing resistance to compression in cartilage.

18
Q

What structural feature makes GAGs highly viscous?

A

Their long, unbranched chains and high degree of hydration.

19
Q

Which GAG is used therapeutically to treat osteoarthritis?

A

Hyaluronic acid.

20
Q

What is the difference between heparin and heparan sulfate?

A

Heparin has a higher degree of sulfation and is more effective as an anticoagulant.