GA Exam 4

Question 1

Foregut: Divisions? Artery? PS Nerve?
Spleen?
Midgut: Divisions? Artery? PS Nerve?
Hindgut: Divisions? Artery? PS Nerve?

Answer 1

Foregut:
- Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum 1&2, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas (P= Celiac and Sup.Mes. A.)
- Celiac A.
- Vagus (CN10)

Spleen (not GI): Celiac & Vagus N. (CN10)

Midgut:
- Duodenum 3&4, Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum, Appendix, Ascending & Transverse Colon
- Superior Mesenteric A.
- Vagus (CN10)

Hindgut:
- Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum
- Inferior Mesenteric A.
- S2-4 (Pelvic Splanchnic N.)

Question 2

Week Break Down:
- Buccopharyngeal Membrane (mouth)
- Cloacal Membrans (anus)
- Stomach (turns 90° clockwise)
- Hematopoiesis of Liver
- Liver Max Size
- Bile forms in Liver

Answer 2

• Buccopharyngeal Membrane (mouth): 3th
• Cloacal Membrans (anus): 7th
• Stomach: 4th
• Hematopoesis of Liver: 6th
• Liver Max Size: 9th
• Bile forms in Liver: 12th

Question 3

When stomach rotates 90° it forms

Answer 3

Intraembryonic Coelomic cavity (Omental Bursa)

• future peritoneal cavity

Question 4

Mesoderm?
Endoderm?

Answer 4

Mesoderm: Muscular Walls and Serous coats
- forms Dorsal Mesogastrium

Endoderm: Epithelial Lining of Organs

Question 5

(T__ or L__?)
Caval Opening?
Esophagus & Vagal trunk?
Median Arcuate Ligament?

Right Crus?
Left Crus?

Answer 5

Caval Opening: T8 (IVC & Right Phrenic N.)
Esophagus & Vagal trunk: T10 (surrounded by right crus)
Median Arcuate Ligament: T12 (Aorta & Thoracic Duct)

Right Crus: L1, 2, 3
Left Crus: L1, 2

Question 6

Spleen (top & bottom N.?)
Kidney (top, middle, bottom N.?)

Answer 6

Spleen: T10 & T12
Kidney: T12, L1 (Transpyloric plane), L3 (subcostal plane)

Question 7

(T__ or L__?)
Abdominal Aorta

Celiac
Superior Mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric

Renal
Gonadal

Aorta Bifurcation

Answer 7

Abdominal Aorta: T12

Celiac: T12
Superior Mesenteric: L1
Inferior Mesenteric: L3

Renal: L2
Gonadal: L2/3

Aorta Bifurcation: L4

Question 8

(T__ or L__?)
Thoracoabdominal N.
Subcostal N.
Iliohypogastric N. & Ilioinguinal N.
Genitofemoral N.
Lateral Cutaneous N. or Thigh
Femoral N.
Obturator N.

Answer 8

Thoracoabdominal N.: T7-T11
Subcostal N.: T12
Iliohypogastric N. & Ilioinguinal N.: L1
Genitofemoral N.:L1,2
Lateral Cutaneous N. or Thigh: L2,3
Femoral N.: L2-4
Obturator N.: L2-4

Question 9

Quadratus Lumborum m.
Function?

Answer 9

Lateral Flexion

Question 10

Psoas major m.
Function?

Answer 10

Weak Femur/Hip Flexor

Question 11

Iliopsoas (Psoas major m + Iliacus m.)
Function?

Answer 11

Flexion of femur/lift knee up

Question 12

Hernia of Morgagni?
Hernia of Bochdalen?

Answer 12

Hernia of Morgagni: tears in sternal fibers (top)
Hernia of Bochdalen: Openings in sternal fibers (bottom)

Question 13

(Intraperitoneal or Retroperitoneal?)

Duodenum 1
Duodenum 2,3,4
Jejunum & Ileum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Head, Neck, Body of Pancreas
Tail of Pancreas
Kindey

Answer 13

Duodenum 1: Intraperitoneal
Duodenum 2,3,4: Retroperitoneal
Jejunum & Ileum: Intraperitoneal
Ascending Colon: Retroperitoneal
Transverse Colon: Intraperitoneal
Descending Colon: Retroperitoneal
Sigmoid Colon: Intraperitoneal
Rectum: Retroperitoneal (some intra)
Head, Neck, Body of Pancreas: Retroperitoneal
Tail of Pancreas: Intraperitoneal
Kindey: Retroperitoneal

Question 14

External oblique
(Origin? Insertion? Innervation? Function?)

Answer 14

Origin
- Ribs 5-12

Insertion
- Ant ½ of iliac crest
- Linea alba
- Pubic crest & tubercle

Innervation *
- T7-T12 and L1

Function *
- Flexion of trunk
- Lateral flexion
- Rotation of vertebral column
(opposite/contralateral side)

Question 15

Internal oblique
(Origin? Insertion? Innervation? Function?)

Answer 15

Origin
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- Ant 2/3 of iliac crest
- Lat 2/3 of inguinal ligament

Insertion
- Ribs 10-12
- Linea alba
- Pubis (conjoint tendon)

Innervation *
- T7-T12 and L1

Function *
- Lateral flexion
- Rotation (same/ipsilateral side)

Question 16

Tranversus abdominis
(Origin? Insertion? Innervation? Function?)

Answer 16

Origin
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- Ant 2/3 of iliac crest
- Lat 1/3 of inguinal ligament
- Lower 6 costal cartilages

Insertion
- Linea alba
- Pubic crest (conjoint tendon)

Innervation *
- T7-T12 and L1

Function *
- Compress abdominal contents

Question 17

Rectus abdominis
(Origin? Insertion? Innervation? Function?)

Answer 17

Origin
- Pubic symphysis

Insertion
- Xiphoid process
- Costal cartilages 5-7

Innervation *
- T7-T12 (*no L1)

Function *
- Flexion of trunk

Question 18

Abdominal Muscles (Functions?)

Answer 18

1. Assist in respiration
2. Increase thoracic/abdominal pressure
   ◦ Valsalva maneuver
    Forced expiration against a closed glottis
    Affects venous return, CO, arterial pressure and HR
    Sometimes used to correct abnormal heart rhythms
   
   • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
   • Stimulate Vagus n.
      Defecation syncope
   • Elevate arterial pressure, bradycardia, decrease BP,
     decrease blood to the brain cardiac event (failure)
3. Keep abdominal contents in place
4. Maintain posture
5. Flexion of trunk

Question 19

Angina

Answer 19

Pain from heart disease
 Can be interpreted as pain/squeezing/pressure
behind sternum
 Radiates down left arm (usually)
 Neck, jaw, TMJ (sometimes)
 GVA pain (organ pain) that is interpreted at GSA pain (skin, muscle pain)