Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > GA Exam 3 > Flashcards

GA Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Vertebral Curvatures – concave

A

-Thoracic
-Sacral
(on old ladys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Secondary Vertebral Curvatures - convex (developed)

A

-Cervical
-Lumbar
(on pregnant women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extrinsic - innervated by ?
Superficial layer (2) ??
Intermediate layer (1) ?

A

Innervated by: Ventral rami

Superficial:
-Trapezius
-Latissimus Dorsi

Intermediate:
-Serratus posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intrinsic (deep back muscles) - innervated by ?
Superficial layer (1) ?
Middle layer (1) ?
Deep layer (1) ?

A

Innervated by: Dorsal rami
Superficial: Splendid capitals
Middle: Erector spinae
Deep: Transversospinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Working unilaterally

A

Lateral flexion or rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Working bilaterally

A

Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Longitudinal ligaments ant & post

A

Allow flexion & extension while keeping vertebrae aligned

Ant: limits extension
Post: prevents hyperflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleus Pulposus? Function?

A

gel like structure at center. Accounts for much of the strength & flexibility

(Can do a herniated disc, posterolaterally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

ring shaped disc of fibrous connective tissue (collagen)that surrounds nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which ribs are true and which ribs are false?

A

True: 1-7
False: 8-12

Floating:11-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intercostal veins

A

drain each space

  • Anterior & posterior pattern similar to arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries

Posterior intercostal arteries

A

Anterior:
* Upper spaces off internal thoracic a.
– Int. thoracic a. divides at 6th ICS into superior epigastric & musculophrenic aa.
* Lower spaces off musculophrenic a.

Posterior: (larger)
* Off descending aorta
* Upper two ICS from supreme intercostal a. from costococervical trunk off subclavian a.

They anastomose at anterior axillary line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intercostal nerve

A

ventral rami of thoracic spinal n. (T1-12)

T12 is subcostal n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Increases volume and diameter of thoracic cavity
  • Draws air into lungs
  • Contraction of the thoracic diaphragm increases vertical dimension
  • Contraction of intercostal mm. increases transverse and ant-post dimension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Expiration

A
  • Decreases volume and increases intrathoracic pressure
  • Relaxation of intercostal mm. and thoracic
    diaphragm
  • Intraabdominal pressure also decreases
  • Allow for the elastic recoil of the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pulmonary cavities:

Mediastinum:

Parietal pleura:

Visceral pleura:

Pleural cavity:

A

Pulmonary cavities:
- 2 individual compartments containing lungs and pleurae

Mediastinum:
- 1 central compartment containing all other thoracic structures
- Separates pulmonary cavities from each other

Parietal pleura: outermost
- lines inner surface of each pulmonary cavity
- Can be dissected away from peripheral structures
- produces serous fluid

Visceral pleura: innermost
- completely invests lungs
- Cannot be dissected away
-shiny

Pleural cavity:
- space between parietal and visceral pleurae
- Pleurae are continuous
with each other at the root
of the lung
* Contents: serous fluid lubricates pleural
linings & surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Subdivisions of parietal pleura

A
  • Cervical
  • Costal
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Mediastinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parietal pleura: Innervation

A

Costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleurae – intercostal nn.

Mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleurae – phrenic n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Visceral pleura: Innervation

A

visceral afferents/sensory (run with sympathetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pneumothorax:
Hemothorax:
Hydrothorax:

  • All may result in a collapsed lung
A

Pneumothorax: AIR
* Entry of air into the pleural cavity
* Open – Penetrating injury to the parietal pleura
* Closed – Air leakage from damage to
respiratory system itself

Hemothorax: BLOOD
* Accumulation of blood in the
pleural cavity (rib puncture)

Hydrothorax: FLUID
* Accumulation of fluid in pleural
cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hilum: location? function?
Root: formation?

A

Hilum:
* Location: depression on medial
surface of lung
* Function: entrance and exit for
root structures

Root:
* Formation:
-Bronchi
-Pulmonary a. and vv
-Bronchial aa. and vv.,
-Anterior and posterior pulmonary
plexuses
-Lymphatics
* Pulmonary l.: extends inferiorly
from root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pericardium: Location? Function? Types?

A

Location: surrounds heart
Function: protection, stabilization, secretes Serous Fuid for friction-free movement
Types: Parietal (fibrous, serous) & Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fibrous Parietal Pericardium

Attachments?

A
  • outermost layer of pericardium
  • tough
  • not elastic (fluid can get stuck)

Attachments:
* Continuous with central tendon of diaphragm and tunica adventitia of IVC
* Continuous superiorly with tunica adventitia of great vessels…
-Ascending aorta
-Pulmonary trunk
-SVC
-Pulmonary vv.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Serous Parietal Pericardium
location?
function?

A

Location: Mesothelial lining on inner surface of fibrous parietal layer

Function: Secretes serous fluid

25
Q

Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)
location?
point of reflection?

A

Location:
* Covering on external surface of heart – fatty layer
* Also serous in nature (secretes serous fluid)
* Can vary in thickness

Point of reflection:
* Continuous with serous layer
of parietal pericardium at root
of great vessels

26
Q

Pericardial Cavity
location?
contents?
function?

A

Location: potential space between
parietal and visceral layers of serous
pericardium

Contents: serous fluid

Function: facilitates frictionless
movement of heart

27
Q

Pericardial Sinuses
- Oblique pericardial sinus?
- Transverse pericardial sinus?

A
  • Inside pericardial cavity

Oblique pericardial sinus: Recess on posterior surface of heart, inferior to pulmonary vv.

Transverse pericardial sinus: Passage posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, but anterior to SVC
* Significance: Used to access great vessels for heart bypass

28
Q

Pericardial Neurovascular Structures
location?
relationship to root of lung?
Pericardiacophrenic a. origin? runs with?
Phrenic n. origin? runs with? innervation?

A

Location:
* Plane between fibrous
pericardium and mediastinal
pleura

Relationship to root of lung:
* Pass anterior to root of lung

Pericardiacophrenic a.:
* Origin: internal thoracic a.
* Runs with phrenic n.

Phrenic n.:
* Origin: VPR C3-5
* Runs with pericardiacophrenic a. and v.
* Innervates (motor & sensory) thoracic diaphragm

29
Q

Superior Vena Cava
Formation?
Drains?
Location?
Termination?

A

Formation:
* Union of right and left brachiocephalic vv.

Drains:
* All structures superior to thoracic diaphragm
Exceptions:
* Heart
* Lungs

Location:
* Sits to the right of the aorta
* In vertical line with IVC as they enter right atrium

  • Termination:
  • Empties into right atrium
30
Q

Inferior Vena Cava
Formation?
Drains?
Location?
Termination?

A

Formation:
* Union of right and left common iliac vv.

Drains:
* Lower limbs, abdomen, and abdominal viscera

Location:
* Sits to the right of the aorta

Termination:
* Empties into right atrium

31
Q

Pulmonary Trunk
Origin? Location? Branches? Ligamentum arteriosum? Landmark?

A

Origin:
* Right ventricle

Location:
* Anterior and to the left of ascending aorta

Branches:
* Right and left pulmonary aa.

Ligamentum arteriosum:
* Circulatory modification between
pulmonary trunk and aorta
* Landmark where left recurrent laryngeal n.
loops around aortic arch

32
Q

Ascending Aorta
Origin? Branches?

A

Origin:
* Left ventricle

  • Extends to beginning of aortic arch

Branches:
* Right and left coronary aa.

33
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Origin:
* Lungs

Number:
* 4 total
* 2 right (inferior and superior)
* 2 left (inferior and superior)
* Almost horizontal as they enter left atrium

Terminate:
* Drain into left atrium

34
Q

Heart: location? Apex?

A
  • oriented obliquely behind sternum, 2/3 leftmost w apex left
35
Q

Cardiac Skeleton
composition?
function?

A

Composition:
* Four fibrous connective tissue rings
* Surround four heart valves

Functions:
* Keep valves patent and from being overly
distended
* Attachment point for cusps
* Separates atrial and ventricular mm.
* electrical insulator
* Allows them to contract
independently

36
Q

Heart Surfaces? (6)

A

Sternocostal (anterior) surface:
* Formed primarily by right ventricle

Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface:
* Formed primarily by left ventricle
* Small part by right ventricle

Right pulmonary surface:
* Formed primarily by right atrium

Left pulmonary surface:
* Formed primarly by left ventricle
* Creates cardiac impression on left lung

Base:
* AKA posterior surface – sits opposite of
apex
* Primarily formed by left atrium
* Location:Where SVC, IVC, and pulmonary vv. enter heart

Apex:
* Formed by left ventricle
* Location: 9-10 cm left of midline at 5th intercostal space

37
Q

Surface Features (3) location? contents?

A

Anterior interventricular groove (sulcus):
* Location: between right and left ventricles on sternocostal surface
* Contents: anterior interventricular a. and great cardiac v.

Atrioventricular groove:
* Location: junction between atria and ventricles
* Contents: right and left coronary aa. and
coronary sinus

Posterior Interventricular Groove
* Location: furrow between right and left ventricles on diaphragmatic surface
* Contents: posterior interventricular a. and middle cardiac v.

38
Q

Placenta:

A
  • Site of O2 and nutrient exchange
  • Umbilical cord contents – umbilical v. and umbilical aa.
39
Q

Umbilical v.:

A
  • Carries O2 rich blood to IVC
  • Via ductus venosus – bypasses liver
  • IVC takes O2
40
Q

Foramen ovale:

A
  • Opening between right and left atria
  • Blood shunted from right atrium to left atrium
  • Blood then goes to left ventricle
  • Blood passes from right atrium to left atrium
    • Bypasses lungs (mother is oxygenating blood for fetus)

After birth:
* Normally closes with pressure changes
* Becomes fossa ovalis

Small patency: doesn’t close
* 15-25% of adults

Large patency: doesn’t close
* May overload pulmonary circulation
* Hypertrophy of right atrium and ventricle

41
Q

Ductus arteriosus:

A
  • Connects pulmonary trunk to arch of
    aorta
  • Also bypasses lungs
  • Blood passes from pulmonary a. to aorta via ductus arteriosus
  • Largely bypasses lungs

After birth:
* Normally constricts and later closes
* Becomes ligamentum arteriosum

Some causes of failed closure: patent
* Preterm birth
* Congenital heart issue

Results:
* High pressure aortic blood passes into pulmonary a.
* Raises BP in pulmonary circulation
* Pulmonary hypertension could lead to right-sided heart failure

42
Q

Umbilical aa.:

A
  • Branches of internal iliac aa.
  • Return low O2 blood to placenta for
    reoxygenation
43
Q

Valvular Heart Diseases (2)

A
  • Increased workload for heart
  • May be congenital or acquired

Valvular stenosis (narrowing):
* Failure of valve to open fully
* Almost always a chronic process
* Slows blood flow from the chamber
* Can result in turbulence
* “Heart Murmur”

Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation):
* Failure of valve to close completely
* Scarring and contraction of cusps or rupture of cords
* Cusps can be overly large or floppy
* Can also result in heart murmur

44
Q

Cardiac Plexus: contains? function?

A
  • Conduction system modified by autonomic nervous system

Contains:
* Sympathetic
* Parasympathetic
* Visceral afferents also present

Function:
* Regulates rate and strength of contraction
* Not required to initiate beat

45
Q

Thymus: location? function?

A

Location:
* Immediately posterior to manubrium
* Anterosuperior to pericardium

Function:
* Primary lymphoid organ
* T-lymphocyte development
* involution after puberty (becomes fatty)

46
Q

Brachiocephalic vv.: formed by? drains? terminates at?

A

Formation:
* Formed by the union of the
internal jugular and subclavian vv.
* Left brachiocephalic v. is twice
as long as the right

Drain:
* Blood from head, neck, and upper extremity

Termination:
* Unite to form the SVC

47
Q

Superior Vena Cava: Formed by? additional vein superior to entry? terminates at?

A

Formation:
* Union of R/L brachiocephalic vv.

Azygos v.:
* SVC receives azygos just superior to entry into pericardial sac
* Arch of azygos passes superior to root of right lung

Termination:
* Drains to right atrium
* Terminal part of SVC in middle mediastinum

48
Q

Aortic Arch: branches? continuation?

A
  • Begins at sternal angle anteriorly
    and ends at sternal angle posteriorly

Branches:
* Brachiocephalic trunk
* Right common carotid a.
* Right subclavian a.
* Left common carotid a.
* Left subclavian a.

Continuation:
* Becomes descending thoracic aorta

49
Q

Trachea: origin? cartilage rings?
trachealis m.?

A

Origin:
* Begins at inferior border of cricoid cartilage
* Sits anterior to the esophagus and to the right of midline

Cartilage rings:
* 16-20 C-shaped rings
* Incomplete posteriorly

Trachealis m.:
* Smooth muscle that spans the gap posterior
* Abuts esophagus
* Trachea terminates at sternal angle (T4-T5)
* Not found in posterior mediastinum

50
Q

Esophagus: location? blood supply? esophageal hiatus? esophageal plexus?

A
  • Fibromuscular tube from pharynx to stomach
  • Enters superior mediastinum between trachea and vertebrae
  • Flattened anteroposteriorly
  • Thoracic duct lies to the left side in the superior mediastinum
  • Enters posterior mediastinum inferior to aortic arch

Location:
* Between trachea and T1-4 vertebrae in superior mediastinum
* Posterior to pericardium adjacent to T5-10 in posterior mediastinum

Blood supply:
* Esophageal aa. from descending thoracic aorta

Esophageal hiatus:
* T10
* Opening for esophagus to pass thru to go to stomach

Esophageal plexus:
* Formed by left and right vagal nn.

51
Q

Right Vagus n. & Left Vagus n.: locations? what branches of each?

Both: root of lung? Esophageal Plexuses?

A

Location: Right Vagus n.
* Anterior to right subclavian a.
* Gives rise to right recurrent laryngeal n.
* Passes thru superior mediastinum to the right of the trachea

Location: Left Vagus n.
* Between left common carotid a. and left
subclavian a.
* Passes anterolaterally over aortic arch

Left recurrent laryngeal n.:
* Loops posteriorly around aortic arch, behind ligamentum arteriosum

Root of the lung:
* Both pass posterior to root of lung (now in posterior mediastinum)

Esophageal Plexuses:
* Left vagus n. – contributes to Anterior esophageal plexus
* Right vagus n. – contributes to Posterior
esophageal plexus

52
Q

Vagal Trunks

A

Anterior vagal trunk:
* Neurons from left vagus n. emerging
from anterior esophageal plexus
* On anterior surface of esophagus

Posterior vagal trunk:
* Neurons from right vagus n. emerging from posterior esophageal plexus
* On posterior surface of esophagus

53
Q

Phrenic nn.

A

Origin:
* VPR C3-5
* function: Motor and sensory to thoracic diaphragm

Right - sits to the right of the right
brachiocephalic v. and the SVC

Left – crosses the arch of the aorta; passes over the L vagus n . and the superior intercostal v.

Path:
* Both pass anterior to root of lung
* Between mediastinal pleura and parietal pericardium
* Runs with pericardiacophrenic a. and v.

54
Q

Descending Thoracic Aorta: location? aortic hiatus? paired visceral branches? paired parietal branches?

A

Location:
* Descends thru thorax on left side of T5-T12
* Displaces esophagus to right

Aortic hiatus:
* T12
* Behind thoracic diaphragm
* where thoracic aorta becomes abdominal aorta

Paired visceral branches:
* Bronchial aa.

Paired parietal branches:
* Posterior intercostal aa. 3rd-11th intercostal spaces

55
Q

Thoracic Duct: appearance? location? function? cisterna chyle? termination?

A

Appearance:
* Small, thin-walled, and often “beaded” due to numerous valves

Location:
* Posterior to esophagus
* Anterior to thoracic vertebrae
* Between thoracic aorta and azygos v.

Function:
* Drains lymph from entire body except upper right quadrant and inferior lobe of left lung

Cisterna chyle:
* Origin of thoracic duct in abdomen at L1
* Enters thorax via aortic hiatus
* Around T4 passes to the left

Termination:
* Typically drains into left venous angle
* Junction of left subclavian and left internal
jugular vv.

56
Q

Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk

A
  • Series of paravertebral ganglia
    • Linked by interganglionic rami

Location:
* Parallel vertebral column bilaterally
* Continuous with cervical and lumbar
sympathetic trunks

Thoracic splanchnic nn.:
* AKA abdominopelvic splanchnic nn.
* Arise from sympathetic trunk ganglia
* Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
* Supply abdominal viscera inferior to the thoracic diaphragm

57
Q

Thoracic Splanchnic nn.

A

Type of neurons: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Greater thoracic splanchnic n.: T5-T9

Lesser thoracic splanchnic n.: T10-T11

Least thoracic splanchnic n.: T12

58
Q

Control of ANS

A
  1. Hypothalamus (HR, vasoconstriction, digestion, sweating)
    other: limbic system, Brain, Spinal Cord (reflexes)
  2. Reflex Arcs
    - Mechanoreceptors: Baroreceptors
    -stimulated by stretch
    -regulated by negative feedback
    -maintain BP
    - Chemoreceptors: Carotid & Aortic Bodies
    -detect chemical changes (O2, CO2)
    -regulate respiratory activity
    -affects BP
  3. Controlling Emotions
    -Desensitization, Biofeedback, Meditation, Imagery, Pet therapy

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions