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Anatomy Unit I > GA 2: Back and Suboccipital Region > Flashcards

GA 2: Back and Suboccipital Region Flashcards

1
Q

Describe characteristics of Extrinsic Back Muscles (location/derivation)

A

Superficial back muscles derived from the embryonic ventral muscle mass.

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2
Q

What main functions do the Extrinsic Back Muscles perform?

A

Movement of upper extremities and respiration

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3
Q

What are the Intrinsic (deep) back muscles derived from?

A

the embryonic Dorsal Muscle Mass; tissues arise there and stay there

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4
Q

What nerves are the nerves of extrinsic back muscles derived from?

A

Ventral Primary Rami

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5
Q

What major arteries supply the Extrinsic back muscles?

A

the Subclavian Artery and the Axillary Artery

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6
Q

What muscle mass are the extrinsic back muscles derived from?

A

The embryonic ventral muscle mass. On association with developing limb of the spinal nerve. Migrates over the dorsal aspect of the torso and drag their nerve supply and blood supply with them.

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7
Q

What innervates the Intrinsic back muscles?

A

The dorsal primary rami

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8
Q

What arteries supply the Intrinsic back muscles?

A

Branches of Segmental Arteries

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9
Q

What function Do the Intrinsic back muscles perform?

A

Mvmt of the trunk and head and maintenance of posture

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10
Q

General rule of Insertions and Origins of back muscles

A

In General, more inferior or medial attachments of back muscles are origins; more superior or lateral attachments are insertions

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11
Q

Describe the Pectoral girdle

A

Functional Unit formed by the clavicle and scapula & Articulates with the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint

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12
Q

Describe the Protraction and Retraction motion of the shoulder

A

Protraction: Drawing the girdle anteriorly, ( rounding the shoulders).
Retraction: drawing the girdle posteriorly so the medial scapular border approaches the vertebral column.

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13
Q

Describe the Rotation of the scapula

A

gliding mvmts of the Acromioclavicular joint allow the scapula to rotate in a coronal plane.

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14
Q

Describe the Superior Rotation of the scapula

A

Results from lateral rotation and abduction; the glenoid fossa points superiorly and the inferior scapular angle rotates laterally (raising arms past 90 degrees)

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15
Q

Describe the Inferior Rotation of the scapula

A

medial rotation, adduction; the glenoid fossa points inferiorly and the inferior angle rotates medially toward the vertebral column

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16
Q

What is the Scapulohumeral Rhythm:

A

The coordinated mvmts of the pectoral girdle and glenohumeral joint required for fullrange of motion at the shoulder. Mvmts of the glenohumeral joint are functionally paired with those if the pectoral girdle.

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17
Q

Flexion of the arm above the shoulder uses what movements? (moving downward?)

A

protraction and fixation of the scapula

Flexion/Extension Protraction/Retraction

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18
Q

What mvmts does the pectoral girdle make in coordination with the abduction of the arm above the shoulder?

A

Superior rotation of scapula

Abduction/Adduction Superior/ Inferior Rotation

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19
Q 
Trapezius m.
Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A

Extrinsic; O: Medical third of sup nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, C1-T12 Spinous processes.
I: Spine of Scapula, acromion, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
A: Elevates, retracts, and superiorly rotates scapula
Innervations: Spinal Accessory n. (CN XI) (motor); C3-C4 ventral rami (sensory)
Blood supply: Transverse cervical a.

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20
Q 
Latissimus dorsi m.
Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A

Extrinsic; O: T7-L5 spinous process, thoracolumbar fascia, dorsal sacrum, iliac crest
I: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
A: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus (depresses, retracts, and inferiorly rotates scapula)
Innervations: Thoracodorsal n.
Blood supply: Thoracodorsal a

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21
Q 
Rhomboideus Major m.Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A 
Ext; O: T2- T5 spinous processes
I: medical border of scapula
A: Retracts, elevates, and inferiorly rotates scapula
Innervations: Dorsal Sacpular n,
Blood supply: Dorsal scapular a.
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22
Q 
Rhomboideus Minor m.
Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A

Ext; O: C7- T1 spinous processes
I: Medical border of scapula superior to rhomboideus major m.
A: Retracts, elevates, and inferiorly rotates scapula
Innervations: Dorsal scapular n.
Blood supply: Dorsal scapular a.

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23
Q 
Levator Scapulae m.
Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A

Ext; O:C1-C4 transverse process
I: Superior angle of scapula
A: Protracts, elevates, and inferiorly rotates scapula
Innervations: Dorsal scapular n.; Ventral rami of C3-C4
Blood supply: Dorsal scapular a.

24
Q 
Serratus Posterior Superior m.
Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A

Intermediate; O: C7-T3 spinous processes
I: Superior borders of ribs 2-5
A: Elevates (weakly) ribs 2-5 (acessory m of resp)
Innervations: Segmentally by thoracic ventral promary rami (intercostal nn.)
Blood supply: Branches of posterior intercostal aa.

25
Q 
Serratus Posterior Inferior m.
Ext; O:
I:
A:
Innervations:
Blood supply:
A

Intermediate; O: T11- L2 spinous processes
I: inferior borders of ribs 9-12
A: Depresses ribs (weakly) ribs 9-12 (accessory muscle of respiration)
Innervation: Segmentally by thoracic ventral primary rami (itnercostal nn.)
Blood supply: Branches of posterior intercostal aa

26
Q

Splenius Capitis & Cervicis mm.
O
I
A

A

Intrinsic; O: Ligamentum nuchae and T1-T4 spinous process
I: Mastoid process and superior nuchal line (capitis portion), C1-C4 transverse processes (cervicis portion)
A: Unilateral : lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of head/neck
Bilateral: Extension of head/neck

27
Q

Erector Spinae Muscle Group
– The major postural muscle group
A

A

Intrinsic;
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
A: Unilateral: lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of trunk and head/neck
Bilateral: extension of trunk and head/neck

28
Q

Iliocostalis m
O
I

A

O: Common tendon of origin from posterior iliac crest, dorsal sacrum, and lumbar spinous processes; additional slips originate along the axial skeleton.
I: Angles of ribs, cervical transverse processes ( The most lateral erector spinae m)

29
Q

Longissimus m
O
I

A

intr;
O: Common tendon of origin from posterior iliac crest, dorsal sacrum, and lumbar spinous processes; additional slips originate along the axial skeleton.
I: thoracic transverse processes and adjacent ribs, cervical transverse processes, mastoid process (capitis portion) ( the medial erector spinae)

30
Q

Spinalis m
O
I

A

O: Common tendon of origin from posterior iliac crest, dorsal sacrum, and lumbar spinous processes; additional slips originate along the axial skeleton.
I: Upper thoracic spinous processes, ligamentum nuchae, occipital bone between nuchal lines (capitis portion)

31
Q 
Transversospinalis group
1.
2.
3.
O
I
A

O: Dorsal sacrum and post iliac crest, lumbar mamillary processes, cervical and thoracic transverse processes
I: Spinous processes and occipital bone (capitis portion)
3 groups (defined by # of vertebral segments spanned)
1. Semispinalis
2. Multifidus
3. Rotator m

32
Q

Semispinalis m
# vert seg
A

A

4-6 vertebral segments, cervical region
Unilateral: lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of trunk, head, and neck
Bilateral: extension of trunk, and neck

33
Q

Multifidus m
# vert seg
A

A

2-4 vertebral segments, lumbar region
Unilateral: lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of trunk, head, and neck
Bilateral: extension of trunk, and neck

34
Q

Rotator m
# vert seg
A

A

1-2 segments, thoracic region
Unilateral: lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of trunk, head, and neck
Bilateral: extension of trunk, and neck

35
Q

Describe Interspinales mm

A

Tiny muscles spanning spinous processes (intersegmental muscles) - proprioceptive

36
Q

Describe intertransversarii mm.

A

tiny muscles spanning transverse processes of adj vertebrae (intersegmental muscles) - propriceptive

37
Q

Levatores costarum mm.
O
I
A

A

O: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
I: Superior borders of ribs (1 or 2 segments inferior)
A: Elevate ribs, assist lateral flexion

38
Q

Describe Thoracolumbar Fascia

A

Investing fascia of intrinsic muscles in lower thoracic and lumbar regions.
Extremely dense and aponeurotic (like flat-broad tendons).
Splits into layers (laminae) which envelop the deep muscle mass.

39
Q

Describe the Layers of Thoracolumbar fascia

A

Posterior later: attaches to the vertebral spinous process
Middle layer: attaches to vertebral transverse processes; continuous with aponeruosis of transverse abdominus m
Anterior layer: The anterior fascia of quadratus lumborum

40
Q

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major m

A

O: Spinois process of axis C2
I: Inferior nuchal line
A: Ext (bilat) and ipsilateral rotation (unilateral) of head

41
Q

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor m

A

O: Posterior tubercle of atlas C1
I: Inferior nuchal line medial to rectus capitis post major m.
A: Extension (bilateral); and ipsilateral rotation (unilateral) of head

42
Q

Obliquus Capitis Superior m.

A

O: Transverse process of atlas (C1)
I: Occipital bone between nuchal lines
A: Extension of head (bilateral); lateral bending of head (unilateral)

43
Q

Obliquus Capitis Inferior m.

A

O: Spinous process of axis (C2)
I: Transverse process of atlas (C1)
A: Ipsilateral rotation of head (unilateral contraction)

44
Q

Describe the borders of the Suboccipital triangle

A
  1. Rectus capitis posterior major
  2. Obliquus Capitis Superior m
  3. Obliquus capitis inferior m
    Floor: Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and post arch of atlas
    Roof: Semispinalis capitis m.
45
Q

What are the Contents of the Suboccipital Triangle?

A
  1. Vertebral artery - Exists transverse foramen of C1 & pierces poserior atlanto-occipital membrane to enter foramen magnum
  2. Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
    - - emerges from center of triangle; gives muscular branches to suboccipital muscles
46
Q

Occipital Artery

A

(branch of external carotid)

- emerges lateral to obliquus capitis superior m. and courses superiorly to supply posterior scalp

47
Q

Greater Occipital Nerve

A

(dorsal ramus of C2)

- Emerges inferior to obliquus capitis inferior m. and pierces semispinalis capitis m. to innervate skin of post scalp

48
Q

What are all Suboccipital muscles innervated by?

A

The Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)

49
Q

How is the skin of the central back innervated (over intrinsic mm)

A

Segmentally by Posterior Cutaneous nn. Which are branches of Dorsal Primary Rami

50
Q

How s the skin of the Lateral back innervated?

A

Segmentally by Lateral Cutaneous nn. which are branches of Ventral Primary Rami

51
Q

What are the sources of blood for the intrinsic muscles of the back and overlying skin?

A

a. Segmental arteries accompanying the dorsal primary rami
b. Deep cervical a.: courses deep to semispinalis capitis m.
C. Vertebral a.: gives muscular branches to cervical muscles

52
Q

What supplies the superficial muscles of the back?

A

branches of the Subclavian and Axillary aa.

a. Transverse cervical
b. Dorsal Scapular
c. Thoracodorsal

53
Q

Describe the Transverse Cervical a.

A

originates from the thyrocervical trunk off the subclavian artery.
Courses posteriorly in the neck deep to the levator scapulae m.
Passes deep to trapezius m. giving ascending and Descending branches

54
Q

Describe the Dorsal Scapular a

A

a branch of the transverse cervical a. or from the subclavian a.
post neck, deep to levator scapulae m
Descends deep to rhomboideus major and minor mm

55
Q

Describe the Thoracodorsal a.

A

From the subscapular a. ( a branch of the axillary a.)
Courses with the thoracodorsal n,
deep to latissimus dorsii m.

56
Q

What region are the interspinales and the intertransversarii absent in?

A

The thoracic region

Anatomy Unit I (8 decks)

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