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Anatomy Unit I > Bone Formation and Joints > Flashcards

Bone Formation and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular structure of Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix

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2
Q

Is Cartilage vascularized?

A

Cartilage is Avascular.

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3
Q

Howw do chondrocytes receive Oxygen and nutrients?

A

via diffusion from the Perichondrium.

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4
Q

What is the Perichondrium?

A

A fibrous connective tissue layer that nourishes the cartilage, lays down new cartilage, and provides attachment for the tendons and ligaments

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

A

Elastic Cartilage, Hyaline cartilage, and Fribrocartilage

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6
Q

What type of cartilage is made of mostly Elastin fibers and is stiff and elastic? )e.g. can be found in the ear)

A

Elastic Cartilage

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7
Q

This type of cartilage is blue/translucent, composed of few elastin fibers?

A

Hyaline Cartilage: occurs in external nose, larynx, costal cartilage, and articular surfaces of synovial joints.

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8
Q

Which type of cartilage has the highest proportion of Collagen fibers and occurs in areas requireing tensile Strength?

A

Fibrocartilage (found btwn intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and others)

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9
Q

What are Ligaments and tendons made of?

A

Dense connective tissue of parallel bundles of collagen fibers with fibroblasts

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10
Q

Tendons attach…

A

muscle to bone (or coartilage) via periosteum or perichondrium

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11
Q

Ligaments attach…

A

bone to bone (or coartilage) via periosteum or perichondrium

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12
Q

What are intrinsic ligaments?

A

Thickenings of joint capsules

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13
Q

Ligaments Function to…

A

Provide stability to joints and prevent excessive movement.

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14
Q

Bones are composed of…

A

Osteocytes (mature bone cells), with an extracellular matix composed of collagen, glycoproteins, and mineral salts of calcium and phosphorus

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15
Q

What is the outer connective tissue covering all non-articulating surfaces of the bone?

A

Periosteum — it also contains sensory fibers and arteries that nourish the bone (periosteal and nutrient arteries)

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16
Q

Remodeling

A

The periosteum can form new bone (osteogenesis) in response to injury or mechanical stress.

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17
Q

What is Compact Bone?

A

closely packed structural units called osteons, hard and dense. Provides strength and rigidity.

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18
Q

What is Cancellous bone?

A

It is spongy/ trabecular bone interspersed with marrow, less dense and more vascularized than compact

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19
Q

What bones in Adults contain Hematopoietic marrow?

A

Flat bones and (skull, illium, scapula, sternum, ribs) and ends of long bones

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20
Q

Wht type of Marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones?

A

Fatty yellow marrow

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21
Q

What type of bone tissue makes the cortical layer?

A

Compact bone

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22
Q

Bone (superficial to deep)

A

Periosteum–> Compact bone (cortical layer) –> Cancellous bone or medullary cavity

23
Q

Examples of short bones…

A

cuboidal bones found only in the wrist and ankles

24
Q

Examples of Irregular bones…

A

include vertebrae and bones of the cranial base and face, coxal bone

25
Q

Sesamoid bones:

A

form within tendons where they cross joints, reduce friction and increase mechanical advantage.

26
Q

What do Accessory (supernumary) bones result from?

A

result from an incomplete or abnormal fusion of ossification centers; common in cranial sutures.

27
Q

Describe Intramembranous ossification (direct ossification)

A

mesenchymal cells give rise to bone forming cells –> bone formation proceeds outward from this primary ossification center.

28
Q

Describe Endochondreal Ossification…

A

Mesenchyme gives rise to cartilage-forming cells, which replace the mesenchyme model with hyaline cartilage –> invading blood vessels then initiate ossification of the cartiliginous model. (Secondary ossification center)

29
Q

In long bones, a Primary ossification Center forms in…

A

the diaphysis (shaft)

30
Q

In long bones, Secondary Ossification Centers form later in the….

A

Epiphyses (ends) of the bone

31
Q

What is the epiphysial plate?

A

A growth plate made of Hyaline cartilage connects each epiphysis to the diaphysis in long bones

32
Q

What happens with the growth of epiphysieal cartilage?

A

the bone increases in length.

33
Q

What happens when growth stops in a long bone?

A

When growth is complete, the epiphysieal plate ossifies and fuses with the rest of the bone leaving a faint epiphyseal line.

34
Q

What are the major joint classes?

A

Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, and Synovial Joints

35
Q

What are types of Fibrous joints?

A

Suture (fontanelles in infants/ syntoses in adults)

and Syndesmosis & gomphosis

36
Q

What is a Syndesmosis?

A

A type of Fibrous Joint where elements are united by a sheet of connective tissues (i.e. tibiofibular syndesmosis/ minimally flexible & radioulnar syndesmosis/ highly mobile)

37
Q

Name the types of Cartilaginous joints…

A

Synchondrosis (united by hyaline cartilage i.e. epiphyseal growth plate; growth/ no mvmt) & Symphysis (united by fibrocartilage; some mvmt i.i. pubic symphysis)

38
Q

What are Synovial joints?

A

The most mobile joint type and the most common. Elements are united by a fibrous connective tissue joint (articular) capsule, which encloses a joint cavity

39
Q

What is a Joint capsule/ Articular Capsule?

A

An outer fibrous capsule that connects the joint elements

40
Q

The Fibrous joint Capsule and all non-articular surfaces are lined by….

A

A Serous Synovial Membrane, which secretes slippery synovial fluid

41
Q

What what type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces in a synovial joint?

A

Hyaline articular Cartilage ( lubricated by synovial fluid)

42
Q

Synovial effusion results when…

A

inflammation causes excess fluid production in the synovial cavity.

43
Q

Articular discs..

A

Fibrocartilage structures that unite elements and/ or facilitate mvmt in synovial joints

44
Q

Fibrocartilaginous rings..

A

Deepen articular surfaces and increase stability (e.g. glenohumeral labrum) in a synovial joint

45
Q

Bursae (bursa s.)

A

Synovial structures that protect tendons and facilitate their mvmt

46
Q

What are the 6 major types of Synovial Joints?

A

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Condyloid, and Ball-and-socket joints.

47
Q

Hinge joint ex

A

Uniaxial… elbow/ knee

48
Q

Condyloid joint ex

A

Biaxial (flexion/extension & Abbduction/Adduction)

ex. metacarpal phalangeal joints and whrist

49
Q

Saddle joint ex

A

Biaxial, but also permit circumduction-like motion. i.e. thumb and sternoclavicular joint

50
Q

Pivot joint

A

Uniaxial
I.e. Dens freely rotates with Atlas
& proximal radioulnar joint

51
Q

Ball and Socket joints

A

Multi-axial, spherical head rotates freely about all axes i.e Hip and Shoulder

52
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix of cartilage made of?

A

Collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans

53
Q

What bones in infants contain hematopoietic marrow?

A

All bones at birth

Anatomy Unit I (8 decks)

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