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AS Physics > G482 - Waves > Flashcards

G482 - Waves Flashcards

0
Q

Progressive Wave

Definition

A

A transfer of energy as a result of oscillations

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1
Q

Longitudinal Wave

Definition

A

A wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel

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2
Q

Transverse Wave

Definition

A

A wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

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3
Q

Longitudinal Wave

Examples

A

Sound

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4
Q

Transverse Wave

Examples

A

Light
Water
String

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5
Q

Displacement

Definition

A

The distance of a particle from the equilibrium position

Measured in metres, m

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6
Q

Amplitude

Definition

A

Maximum displacement of a particle from equilibrium
Symbol A
Measured in metres, m

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7
Q

Wavelength

Definition

A

The shortest distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next wave
Symbol λ
Measured in metres, m

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8
Q

Time Period

Definition

A

The time taken for one complete pattern of oscillation
Symbol T
Measured in seconds, s

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9
Q

Phase Difference

Definition

A

Relates to the oscillation at two points
How far out of step one oscillation is from another
Measured in degrees or radians

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10
Q

Frequency

Definition

A

The number of oscillations per unit time
Symbol f
Measured in hertz, Hz

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11
Q

Wave Speed

Definiton

A

Distance travelled by a wave per unit time

Measured in m/s

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12
Q

Time Period

Formula

A

T = 1/f

T = time period, s
f = frequency, Hz
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13
Q

Wave Speed

Formula

A

v = fλ

v = wave speed, m/s
f = frequency, Hz
λ = wavelength, m
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14
Q

Reflection

Definition

A

When waves rebound from a barrier changing direction but remaining in the same medium

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15
Q

Diffraction

Definition

A

When a wave spreads out after passing around an obstacle or through a gap
When the gap is closer in size to the wavelength of the wave there is more diffraction
Diffraction around an obstacle increases with wavelength

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16
Q

Refraction

Definition

A

When waves change direction when they travel from one medium to another due to a difference in the wave speed in each medium

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17
Q

Typical Wavelengths

Radio Waves

A

10^-1 -> 10^4 m

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18
Q

Typical Wavelengths

Microwaves

A

10^-4 -> 10^-1 m

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19
Q

Typical Wavelengths

Infrared

A

7.4x10^-7 -> 10^-3 m

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20
Q

Typical Wavelengths

Visible Light

A

3.7x10^-7 -> 7.4x10^-7 m

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21
Q

Typical Wavelengths

Ultraviolet

A

10^-9 -> 3.7x10^-7 m

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22
Q

Typical Wavelengths

X Rays

A

10^-12 -> 10^-7 m

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23
Q

Typical Wavelengths

Gamma

A

10^-16 -> 10^-9 m

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24
Electromagnetic Spectrum Order
``` Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared Visible Light Ultraviolet X Rays Gamma ```
25
Electromagnetic Spectrum | Similarities
Travel at the same speed in a vacuum All transverse waves All possess an electric wave and a magnetic wave interlocked at right angles
26
Electromagnetic Waves | Speed in a Vacuum
3x10^8 m/s
27
Speed of Sound In Air
330m/s
28
Radio Waves | Method of Production
Electrons oscillated by an electric field
29
Radio Waves | Method of Detection
Resonance in electric circuits
30
Radio Waves | Uses
Television Radio Telecommunications
31
Microwaves | Method of Production
Magnetron | Klystron oscillators
32
Microwaves | Method of Detection
Heating effect | Electronic circuits
33
Microwaves | Uses
Radar SATNAV Mobile phones Microwave ovens
34
Infrared | Method of Production
Oscillation of molecules from all objects above absolute 0
35
Infrared | Method of Detection
Photographic film | Heating of skin
36
Infrared | Uses
Heaters Night vision equipment Remote controls
37
Visible Light | Method of Production
High temperature solids and gases | Lasers
38
Visible Light | Method of Detection
Photographic film | Retina of eye
39
Visible Light | Uses
Sight | Communication
40
Ultraviolet | Method of Production
From high temperature solids and gases
41
Ultraviolet | Method of Detection
Photographic film Phosphors Sunburn
42
Ultraviolet | Uses
Disco lights Tanning studios Counterfeit detection
43
X Rays | Method of Production
Bombarding metals with high energy electrons
44
X Rays | Method of Detection
Photographic film | Fluorescence
45
X Rays | Uses
CT scans X Ray photography Crystal structure analysis
46
Gamma Rays | Method of Production
Nuclear decay | In a nuclear accelerator
47
Gamma Rays | Method of Detection
Photographic film | Geiger tube
48
Gamma Rays | Uses
Diagnosis and cancer treatment
49
UV-A
λ = 315 - 400 nm | Causes tanning when skin is exposed
50
UV-B
280-315nm | Causes damage to skin such as sun burn and skin cancer
51
UV-C
100-280nm Is filtered out by the atmosphere so doesn't reach the earth's surface Industrial UV-C is highly damaging
52
Sunscreen
Contains chemicals designed to filter out UV-B pre eating sun burn and skin cancer Skin is protected inside as glass absorbs UV-B
53
Plane Polarised Waves | Definition
Waves that oscillate in only one plane | Only transverse waves can be pale polarised
54
Malus's Law
I = Imax x cos²θ ``` I = intensity transmitted at angle θ Imax = intensity before the filter θ = the angle of the filter in relation to the previous filter that the light has travelled through ```
55
Cross Polaroids
If filters are at right angles, θ=90, then no light will pass through
56
The Principle of Superposition
When two or more waves meet at a point the resultant displacement is equal to the vector sum of the displacements of each wave
57
Interference | Definition
The addition of two or more waves that results in a new wave pattern Sources must be coherent Amplitude must be approximately equal
58
Coherence | Definition
Two waves are coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency
59
Path Difference | Definition
Distance between two identical points on the two waves | Measured in λ
60
Constructive Interference | Path Difference
Whole number of wavelengths
61
Constructive Interference | Phase Difference
0°, 360°, 720°... multiples of 360° 0, 2π, 4π radians ... multiples of 2π
62
Destructive Interference | Path Difference
Odd number of half wavelengths
63
Destructive Interference | Phase Difference
180°, 540°, 900°... multiples of 2n(180)+180 π, 3π, 5π radians... multiples 2nπ +1
64
Intensity | Formula
Intensity(W/m²) = Power W / cross sectional area m² Intensity∝Amplitude²
65
Intensity | Definition
Energy incident per unit area per unit time
66
Young's Double Slit Experiment | Description
A monochromatic light source is positioned between two slits When the light passes through the slits it is diffracted The two light sources, the two slits, interferes with each other to produce an interference pattern The pattern consists of a series of maxima and minima At minima the path difference is an odd number of half wavelengths so there is destructive interference At maxima the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths so there is constructive interference
67
Young's Double Slit Experiment | Formula
λ = ax/D ``` λ = wavelength m a = distance between slits m x = distance between bright fringes m D = distance between slits and screen ```
68
Monochromatic Light
Light waves with a single frequency and wavelength
69
Finding the Wavelength if Monochromatic Light
``` Use the laser as the source Carry out young's double slit experiment Measure a and D Take an average measurement for x Use λ=ax/D ```
70
Diffraction Grating | Formula
sinθ = nλ/d ``` θ = angle of the beam from horizontal n = order of the beam λ = wavelength of source d = spacing between slits ```
71
Advantages of Multiple Slits
Many sharp maxima can be observed so measurements are easier and more accurate Double slit images can sometimes be blurry increasing error when measuring fringe spacing
72
Stationary Wave | Definition
A wave formed by the interference of two waves travelling in opposite directions Energy is stored in the wave which has nodes and antinodes
73
Nodes | Definition
Points in a stationary wave at which the displacement is 0
74
Antinodes | Definition
Points in the stationary wave where the displacement is maximum
75
Fundamental Frequency | Definition
Frequency that gives a standing wave of half a wavelength
76
Harmonics | Definition
Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency of a stationary wave
77
What is the distance between two nodes or two antinodes?
Half a wavelength
78
Wave Patterns Stretched Strings, Open Pipes, Closed Pipes nth harmonic
Wavelength = Fundamental Wavelength / n Frequency = Fundamental Frequency x n
79
Wave Patterns Stretched Strings, Open Pipes, Closed Pipes fundamental
Fundamental Wavelength = 2l Fundamental Frequency = v/2l l = length of string or pipe
80
Wave Patterns Pipes Closed at One End fundamental
Fundamental Wavelength = 4l Fundamental Frequency = v/4l l = length of pipe
81
Wave Patterns Pipes Closed at One End nth harmonic
Wavelength = Fundamental Wavelength / (2n+1) Frequency = Fundamental Frequency x (2n+1)
82
Stationary Waves | Microwaves
Set up a transmitter opposite a reflector with a detector in the middle The detector will register strong signals every half wavelength i.e. nodes
83
Stationary Waves | Guitars
When the string is plucked a transverse wave is sent down the string and reflected The reflected wave interferes with the incident wave to produce a stationary wave of the correct pitch
84
Experiment to Find the Speed of Sound in Air
Put an open ended tube into water to 'close' the tube at one end Sound a tuning fork and hold it close to the tube The tube is open at one end so there is an antinode, maxima, at the opening Move the tube up and down in the water to find where the resonance is maximum, where there is λ/4 inside the tube Measure the distance from the top of the water level to the top of the tube at this point Multiply this distance by 4 to find the λ The tuning fork has its frequency written on Use v=f λ to find v

AS Physics (4 decks)

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