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AS Physics > G481 - Mechanics > Flashcards

G481 - Mechanics Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unit of Length

A

metres

m

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2
Q

Unit of Time

A

seconds

s

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3
Q

Unit of Temperature

A

Kelvin

K

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4
Q

Unit of Electrical Current

A

Ampere

A

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5
Q

10^-12

A

Pico

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6
Q

10^-9

A

Nano

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7
Q

10^-6

A

Micro

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8
Q

10^-3

A

Milli

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9
Q

10^-2

A

Centi

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10
Q

10^3

A

Kilo

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11
Q

10^6

A

Mega

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12
Q

10^9

A

Giga

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13
Q

10^12

A

Tera

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14
Q

Scalar Quantity

Definition

A

A quantity that has magnitude but not direction

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15
Q

Vector Quantity

Definition

A

A quantity that has both direction and magnitude

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16
Q

Displacement

Definition

A

Distance moved in a certain direction from a point

m

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17
Q

Instantaneous Speed

Definition

A

Speed at a given moment in time

m/s

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18
Q

Average Speed

Definition

A

Total distance travelled / total time

m/s

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19
Q

Velocity

Definition

A

Rate of change of displacement

m/s

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20
Q

Acceleration

Definition

A

Rate of change of velocity

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21
Q

Velocity Time Graph

Grafient

A

Acceleration

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22
Q

Velocity Time Graph

Area

A

Displacement

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23
Q

Displacement Time Graph

Gradient

A

Velocity

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24
Q

Aristotle

A

Assumed without experimentation that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones

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25
Q

Galileo

A

Dropped balls of different mass
Balls hit the ground at the same time
Acceleration of free fall is the same regardless of mass

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26
Q

Experiment to Find g

A

Measure the height the ball is dropped from
Time how long it takes for the ball to fall that distance
Use s=ut+0.5at² where u=0, s=height, t=time to fall

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27
Q

Force

Definition

A

An interaction between two objects involving a push it a pull
N

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28
Q

Newtons First Law

A

Every object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force

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29
Q

Newtons Second Law

A

F∝a

F=ma

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30
Q

Newtons Third Law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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31
Q

One Newton

Definition

A

Force required to give a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1m/s²

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32
Q

Weight

Formula

A

F=ma

W=mg

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33
Q

Why can F=ma not be applied to objects travelling close to the speed of light?

A

Because as an object approaches the speed of light its mass increases

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34
Q

Weight

Definition

A

The gravitational force on a body

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35
Q

What is a fluid?

A

A liquid or a gas

36
Q

Drag

Definition

A

The restive force that acts on an object when it moves through a fluid

37
Q

Factors that Affect Drag

A 
Velocity
Cross Sectional Area
Roughness of Surface
Shape / Streamlining
Viscosity of Fluid
38
Q

Terminal Velocity

Definition

A

The maximum velocity reached when drag forces are equal to the motive forces acting on an object

39
Q

Centre of Gravity

Definition

A

The point at which the weight of an object appears to act

40
Q

Finding the Centre of Gravity

A 
Pin object to wall
Hang a plumb line form the pin
Mark where the line hangs
Rotate the object and repeat
The centre of gravity is where the lines cross
41
Q

Couple

Definition

A

A pair of equal but opposite forces
Cannot cause linear acceleration
Tend to produce rotation

42
Q

Torque

Definition

A

A force that tends to cause rotation

Can be applied to a couple

43
Q

Torque of a Couple

Definition / Formula

A

Torque = OneOfTheForces x PerpendicularDistanceBetweenForces

44
Q

Moment

Definition and Formula

A

The turning effect of a single force

Force x PerpendicularDistanceFromPivot

45
Q

The Principle of Moments

A

For a body in rotational equilibrium the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sun of the anticlockwise moments
The resultant force on the object is 0

46
Q

Density

Definition and Formula

A

Mass per unit volume

ρ = m/V

Measured in kg/m³

47
Q

Pressure

Definition and Formula

A

Force per unit area applied to a surface

P = F/A

Measured in Pa

48
Q

Thinking Distance

Definition

A

The distance travelled from the driver seeing the obstacle to pressing the brake

49
Q

Braking Distance

Definition

A

Distance travelled from when the driver presses the brake to when the car stops

50
Q

Stopping Distance

Definition and Formula

A

Distance traveled from driver seeing obstacle to when the car stops

StoppingDistance = ThinkingDistance + BrakingDistance

51
Q

Factors Affecting Thinking Distance

A

Alcohol and drugs
Velocity of car
Reaction time of driver
Distractions

52
Q

Factors Affecting Braking Distance

A 
Velocity of car
Road surface / condition
Tyres
Brake condition
Weather
Mass of car
53
Q

Air Bags

A

Increase the time over which the driver loses velocity therefore reducing deceleration
F=ma, mass is constant so the force acting on he driver reduces

54
Q

Seat belts

A

Stretch in a collision
Increases the distance over which the driver loses velocity, reducing the deceleration
F=ma, so the force on the driver is reduced
Stop the driver from being thrown forwards and hitting the dashboard or window

55
Q

Crumple Zones

A

Increase the time of the impact
Reduces the dece,le ration of the car
F=ma, reduces the force on the car and the passengers

56
Q

Roll Cage

A

Strengthens the structure of the car to prevent it from collapsing and harming passengers during a collision

57
Q

GPS

A

Trilateration
Satellite sends a radio signal to the car
There is a time delay from, the length of time taken for the signal to travel from the satellite to the GPS
Distance between the GPS and the satellite is calculated using distance = time delay x c

58
Q

Work Done

Definition / Formula

A

force x distance moved in the direction of the force

59
Q

One Joule

Definition

A

The energy needed to lift a weight in 1N through a height of 1m

60
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

Energy is never created or destroyed

Energy can only be transformed form one for to another

61
Q

Work Done and Energy

A

The work done on an object is equal to the energy transferred to the object

62
Q

Kinetic Energy

Formula

A

KE = 0.5mv²

63
Q

Gravitational Potential Energy

Formula

A

GPE = mgh

64
Q

Power

Definition

A

The rate of doing work

Energy transferred per unit time

65
Q

Power

Formula

A

P = W/t

66
Q

One Watt

Definition

A

Noel joule of energy transferred per second

67
Q

Efficiency

Formula

A

UsefulOutputEnergy/TotalInputEnergy x 100

68
Q

Elastic Behaviour / Deformation

A

When a force is removed form an object and the object returns to its original shape

69
Q

Plastic Behaviour / Deformation

A

When a force is removed from an object but the object remains permanently deformed
A force only causes deformation in the direction that it acts

70
Q

Compressive Forces

A

Two or more forces that reduce the volume of the object on which they are acting or reduces the length of a spring

71
Q

Tensile Forces

A

Usually two equal and opposite forces acting on an object / string to stretch it

72
Q

Elastic Region

A

A force applied within this region causes elastic deformation

73
Q

Plastic Deformation

A

A force applied within this region causes plastic deformation

74
Q

Elastic Limit

A

The point at which elastic deformation becomes plastic

75
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

Force ∝ Extension

As long as the elastic limit is not exceeded

76
Q

Load Extension Graph

Area

A

Area = work done
For an object that obeys hookes law:
Area = 0.5Fx = 0.5kx²

77
Q

Elastic Potential Energy

A

EPE in Spring = work done compressing it

78
Q

Stress

Formula

A

Stress = F/A

Measured in Pa

79
Q

Ultimate Tensile Stress

Definition

A

Maximum stress an object can withstand before it fractures

80
Q

Strain

Formula

A

Strain = x/L

81
Q

Youngs Modulus

A

Stress / Strain

As long as the elastic limit is not exceeded

82
Q

Brittle Materials

A

High value of Youngs Modulus
No plastics region

e.g. glass

83
Q

Ductile Materials

A

Small value of Youngs Modulus
Large plastic region

e.g. copper

84
Q

Polymeric Materials

A

Do not obey Hookes Law

Elastic

85
Q

Unit of Mass

A

kilograms

kg

86
Q

Elastic Potential Energy

A

1/2 x Force x Extension

AS Physics (4 decks)

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