G3A Coastal Case Studies Flashcards
Shoreline Management Plan
- Divides the shoreline of England and Wales into a series of cells, defined by coastal type and processes in response to sea level rise.
- Each part of the coast is considered a ‘Policy Development Zone’ which are split into ‘Management Areas’ and further split into ‘Policy Units’.
- Each policy unit has four different options: hold the line, managed realignment, no active intervention and advance the line
- An example is the STU.H subcell which plans for no active intervention for present, medium and long term
Bangladesh Flood Action Plan
- Crops are destroyed by floodwaters creating food shortage, millions of people are left homeless, diseases such as malaria and cholera develop in warm/damp conditions
- First phase between 1990-1995 cost $150 million and it was to construct new embankments along upstream sections of the Brahmaputra and the Ganges
- Compartments created behind embankments which allows agriculture
- Successful as it has protected the livelihood of farmers however it has a had a negative effect on silting of rivers and river bank erosion
Holderness Coast
No defences at flamborough head due to slow erosion and cheap land use for example car parks/country parks
Masonry, concrete sea walls with groynes and rock armor protect Bridlington, Skipsea and Barnston due to higher land value → private properties
Mappleton protected by hard engineering such as rock armor and groynes due to the main road B1242 threatened which connects it to the UK → SUE EARLE LOSES HER HOUSE IN GREAT COWDEN AND BECOMES A VEGETABLE FARMER
Easington protected with revetments and rock armor due to it providing 25% of the UK’s offshore gas
Jurassic Coastline
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Tourism - 37,500 directly employed by coastal attraction
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->16 million visitors per year
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Lulworth - military site
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->2000 vessels per day - Trans-European Network Port
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Wytch farm - oil reserves
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Jurassic heritage- RAMSAR recognition and WHS.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Management:
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
○ <!--[endif]-->Boscombe artificial reef - £1.1 mil. geotextile sandbags, breaks waves
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
○ <!--[endif]-->SMP and Heritage Coast Management Plans
Dutch coastline
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->As the majority of the land within the Netherlands is below sea level, and with increasing urban pressure on land under threat, the Dutch introduced a hard engineering and soft engineering projects.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Hard Engineering: Deltaworks (1958) series of dams designed to close off river mouths - Brieles, Gat and Botlekt - creating a freshwater supply and offering defence. The Schelde dam = EU2.5 billion
Soft Engineering: River of sands project: introduction of sediment at one end of the sediment cell which progresses through, maintaining a greater beach to distance coast from sea - EU40 million, 12.3 million cubic metres of sand
Rotterdam
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->6m below sea level - faces threat of flooding. Adapted to incorporate water storage - museumpark carpark doubles up as 10 million litre capacity store
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Water plazas - water sinks which when not inundated form public spaces
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Green roofs - absorption of precipitation to lower peak flow
Combined = water city concept
Soufriere Marine Management Area
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Located on the southwest coast of St. Lucia
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Issues include: degradation of coastal water quality and landscapes, depletion of fisheries resources and pollution generated by solid waste disposal
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Conflicts between stakeholders for example between fishermen and yacht owners over anchoring or between community and holidaymakers over access to beaches
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Solutions included conflict resolution talks between stakeholders and the set up of 6 marine reserves/3 fishing priority areas
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Successful eventually stakeholder groups felt sufficiently represented and conflict was more or less resolved
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->However whilst fish reserves quadrupled and biodiversity increased by 20%, problems such as algal growth and sediment damage persisted
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Nonetheless the SMMA provided valuable insight on future plans such as the importance of stakeholder representation and transparency which can be considered as a success
Studland Heath
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Conflict between beach users for example naturalists oppose the pollution created by tourists although they provide income for the local economy, locals are unhappy with naturists despite them having their own section
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Sand dunes are threatened by various factors: planting of agricultural crops, afforestation, leveling of land for development, leisure such as golf courses and pollution
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Local management techniques include: use of signs to inform where tourists can and can’t go, restriction of pets on the beach, roped fences to prevent dune damage and encouragement of recycling through the provision of recycling bins
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Traditional management techniques include: afforestation which stabilises the sand although it can restrict new development by shading, planting of Marram grass to stabilise dunes and sectioning of the beach for example an area for coastal protection, area for recreation, etc
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Successful because dune management strategies increases biodiversity → sustainable whilst local techniques reduces social conflict
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->The only negative is the impact on tourism for example certain areas have been restricted however overall this benefits more stakeholder groups such as environmentalists
Pembrokeshire Marine Special Area of Conservation
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Located in the South West of Wales
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->The general aim of the scheme is to ensure human activities co-exist in harmony with the habitats and species of the site
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->No mooring and no anchoring zones protect eel grass however it restricts movement and flexibility of the shipping industry but hopefully the dredging project will counteract this in the long term
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->New policy which means only UK registered vessels are allowed to fish within the SAC → results in a loss of informal jobs and profits however the tradeoff is being sustainable
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Zoning and restrictions reduces the number of activities available to tourists for example bird watching/water sports
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Successful on an environmental level for example over a period of 12 months, the pairs of skylarks increased from 30 pairs to 65 pairs
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Increased efficiency in terms of management of oil spills for example in June 2012, 100 metres of cubed oil contaminated the ground but did not reach the water
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
● <!--[endif]-->Council beaches continue to be all hand gathered - no machines are used and only non-organic litter
Minor human impacts for example loss of informal jobs and limiting of human leisure activities are a tradeoff for a more sustainable approach
Caves
Kent’s cavern in South Devon
Arches
Durdle Door in Dorset
Stacks
Old Harry in Dorset
Stumps
Old Harry’s Wife in Dorset
Headlands/Bays
Flamborough Head, Bridlington Bay along the Holderness Coast
Wave cut platforms
Start Point
