G10 IH Flashcards
Urbanisation
Process in which there is an increase in the number of people living and working in a city or metropolitan area
Challenges of urbanization
Overpopulation
Labour exploitation
Unemployment rates go up after a point, when number of people exceed the number of jobs
Individualism
Privitization
Urban Slums
Individualism
People becomes increasingly self dependent and cant rely on community. Similar to the idea of Liberalism, where personal success is more highly valued
Pull factors
- Economic Stability and Better employment
- Better Housing
- Environmental stability
- Political Stability and Global Relations
- Good connectivity and better social relations
- Better facilities (schools, hospitals, roads, transportation, etc).
push factors
- Lack of resources
- Rapid population growth
- Lack of opportunities (for upskilling and career related)
- Lack of basic facilities (hospitals, schools, roads, etc)
- Lack of entertainment options
- Unemployment
- Lower wages
- Poor connectivity
- Crop failures, agricultural challenges (only for rural areas)
Settlement
Collection of buildings with people living in them. They can be temporary (refugee camp) or permanent (apartments)
How to describe settlement
Site
Type
Shape or Pattern
Size
Function
Hierarchy
Settlement hierarchy from bottom to top
Isolated dwelling, Hamlet, Village, Small Town, Large town, City, Conurbation
What happens when you go up the settlement hierarchy from bottom to top
Decrease in frequency
Increase in size of settlement, higher population and more services
Semi detached housing
In suburbs and semi urban areas, dispersed like rural areas but also urban services
Hamlet
Small settlement with a population of 1-100 people with no central place of worship or no meeting point. Like a village hall alongside a road
Different settlements based on spatial distributions
Clustered
Dispersed
Linear
Clustered settlements
Houses and buildings are close together. Like a central point. More common in rural areas
Dispersed Settlements
Homes and buildings are spread out over a large area. his pattern is common in rural or agriculture regions where people have large plots of land for farming and homes are spaced far apart
Linear settlements
- Buildings and structure are arranged in a line usually along a road or river
- These settlements grow along transportation routes or natural features
- Long and narrow in shape
- Eg: Cities and urban areas
Why are linear settlements more common in urban areas and example
land is scarce and transportation is easily accessible.
Example: New York City, grid-like layout that allows for easy navigation by car or public transportation
Urban slums
Highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed houses with weak build quality
What are some of the main reasons for the growth of slums in urban areas
Rapid Urbanization and not paying enough attention to the poor population. Increase in house rates
Definition of a Slum Dweller according to UN
someone who lacks at least three of the basic requirements among “durable walls, a secure lease or title, adequate living space, and access to safe drinking water and toilets.
Why is eradicating urban slums considered one of the toughest challenges facing societies today?
rapid urbanization, widespread poverty, lack of basic services, and complex political and economic factors
How did Spain reduce urban slums in their country
social housing projects, and investments in upgrading existing slum areas
Gentrification
Transformation of a neighborhood from low value to high value (monetary value) bringing in higher income residents, and displacing the neighborhood’s previous residents
Why does gentrification happen
Due to the immigration of upper class people
15 min city and who made it
An urban planning concept where every urban citizen should be able to meet their daily needs within 15 mins of transportation. Made by Carlos Moreno
What problem is the 15 min city trying to solve
Commuting to much and too many cars on the road, many urban cities have already implemented this but the daily amenities are not up to the mark
Egan’s wheel
Used as a tool for assessing how sustainable a community is
All 8 factors of a sustainable community according to Egan’s Wheel
Governance, Transport and connectivity, Services, Environment, Equity, Economy, Housing and built environment, Social
Governance in egan’s wheel
Well run and when making decisions about a community, local residents are included reducing impact of gentrification
Economy in egan’s wheel
Thriving and local people also have the opportunities to make money
3 As of Sustainability
Accessible (easy to access)
Affordable (services not too expensive)
Available (available 24/7)
Urban Decay
Process that describes the decline of a city due to social problems, infrastructure issues, population change (people move out making city isolated) or people dont benefit from investments happening in city
by 2030, how much percent of worls population will live in urban areas
90 per cent, according to UN
How much percent doe earths land do cities consume, and how much percent of energy consumption and carbon emission do they account for
cities are just 3% of earths land but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions
A 2016 study by UN, shows how many hours does US commuter spend in traffic in an year
42 hours
Urban regeneration
A city planning approach that aims to improve the quality of life or urban areas by addressing economic and social problems and revitalizing spaces after a city goes into urban decay
urban sprawl
Unplanned growth of a city
3 pillars of poverty and what cant they be done
Deficiency in education, organization and discipline
They cant be bought, ordered or comprehensible planned
How much percent of population lives in urban areas
15%
Why are urban areas easier to help
Due to already develop industries
What is E.F schumacher say about aid focused on cities
Until aid is focused on cities, in terms of industrial and financial, non agricultural production in the rest of the country will face competition. This leads to additional unemployment outside the city
Mutual Poisoning
Industries in the cities are destroying the urban areas. The people from rural areas respond by mass migrating to cities that cant accommodate them
Which book by who talks about poverty and its causes and effects of urban and rural areas
Small is Beautiful by E.F.Schumacher
What do you mean by land use and what are some common zones in land models
Land Use means function of land – what it is used for
Common Lands: Central Business District – CBD, Inner City, Suburbs, Rural Urban Fringe
What was the burgess or concentric zone theory, who made it
Made by Burgess
States that cities grow outwards from the center in a series of rings with the center being the CBD and then the lower class residential area, followed by middle class and then upper class at the outskirts
Hoyt Sector Theory, what is it and who and when made it
Considers the fact that cities may not be perfect as shown in Burgess model and rather the grow in sectors
Made by Homer Hoyt
The middle class are spread around the CBD and the rich and the factories form wedge shape sector branching from the CBD
Migraton
Process of a person moving from one place to another to either live there permanently or temporarily due to better living condition or due to push factors in their original settlement
Immigrant and emmigrant
For the receiving country, they are immigrant and for the donor country they are emigrants
Migration of LICs and HICs–
Migration from LICs to HICs increases the population in HICs through labor demand and youthful migrants (offset aging populations, increasing fertility rate and lowering the median age), while decreasing populations in LICs due to brain drain (less talented people) and rural depopulation (young people are moving to HICs, reducing the working-age population)
Consequences of Hum Do Hamare Do policy
Bad effect on women, husband would abondon wife to take part in election, have gov subsidies, etc
Mortality/Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a given period of time
Natural Increase/Decrease
Natural Increase - The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population
Natural decrease - the difference between the number of death minus the number of births
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of children under one year of age who die per 1000 live births
Fertility Rate
The average number of children per women
Life expentancy
The average number of years a person can expect to live
Ani Natal Policies
Policies that aim to reduce children grwoth by going against reproduction and to have a lower fertility rate
Pro Natal Policies
Policies designed for increasing the population/fertility rate of an area and are for reproduction
Sex ratio
The number of females per 1000 males within a speicifc time and place
4-2-1 problem with 1 child policy
1 child has to provide and earn for the medical and social needs for his two parents + his 4 grandparents, and the economy is built in such a way that this wont be possible. This problem is faced by countries such as Japan and western European countries
Singapore Pro natalist policy name
Baby Bonus policy where gov helped in monetary requirement in raising a child, encouraging them to have more children
What fields should be improved to control overpopulation
Education
Healthcare
Economy
Example of Indian state to show direct correlation between education, economy and healthcare and fertility rate
Kereala, Most literate state of India and hence fertility rate is also the lowest, 1.8 per women. One of the best per capita incomes and hence lower fertility rate, One of the lowest Infant mortality rate (ie good healthcare).
What was the older idea that forced women to have more children
More children means more income later one and more people to care for you when you are old
Why do developed cities have less children
A higher cost of living and hence more money would be required to provide for more children
Demographic Transition Model, who made it
Shows how population has been changing as an after mark of development. Made by Warren Thompson
1 st of DTM
High birth rate and high mortality Rate, Prior to Industrial revolution
2nd Stage of DTM
Higher birth rate, low mortality Rate
After IR and more people were born but less dies due to Healthcare advancements
4th stage of dtm
Low birth rate, Low mortality rate
Less people are dying and hence people being born is also less. Improved status of women
3rd stage of DTM
Birth and mortality rate begin to decline
5th stage of DTM
Very low Birth Rate, Low death rate
Limitations of DTM
Only considers Birth and death rate (no migration is considered)
Application of the DTM are mainly restricted to Western Countries
Epidemiological Transition Model what and made by who
Focuses on levels of industrilisation and development but through the lenses of diease and death rate. Made by A R Omran
Causes of Urbanisation
Increase in migration from rural to urban
Natural Increase of population
Push and Pull factors
Population pyramid
represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age
Age section in a population pyramid and their reproductive stages
0-15 pre reproductive stage
15-45 = reproductive stage
45+ Post reproductive stage
Stationery Population pyramid
Fertility rate, birth rate and mortality rate are constant
Expansive population pyrmid
High birth rate, high infant mortality rate and high fertility rate (developing)
Developing and less developed countries (with examples) in terms of population pyramid
Higher pre reproductive age group with less older age people. Less developed will have a older age group and reclining populaiton (eg - japan)
Factors affecting population pyramid
Wars
Anti and Pro natal policies
Economic disparities
Baby booms post wars
Constructive population pyramid
Higher older age group and hence a declining population
Problems of youthful population
Short term not good
Socially not developed country
Greater dependent population, hence greater consumption of resources
Case studies for Urban Slums
Favelas of Brasil
Due to natural increase and urbansiaion, the the brazils populations has grown to such an extent that the peole migrating from rural areas have to build their own houses on the outskirts near to the industries. This howver was cured by the gov using self help schemes.
Case studies on migration
Brain drain during 1970s, skilled workers from south asia were pulled to first world coutnries for jobs and higher wages
