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DEN203 > G&D- Diability, Children > Flashcards

G&D- Diability, Children Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 models of disability

A

1- medical model
2- Individual model
3- Social model
4- Biophysical model

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2
Q

What is the medical model of disability?

A
  • Functional limitation
  • biologically or physiologically determined
  • pathology, personal deficit, medical tx
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3
Q

What is the individual model?

A

Tragic problem for isolated unfortunate individuals

  • focus is on what they can’t do
  • incorporates medical model
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4
Q

What is the social model

A

Oppression institutionally or societal

- We live in a disabling society- through barriers, attitudes and structural

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5
Q

What is disabledement?

A

Loss/limitation of opportunities to take part in everyday life

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6
Q

What is impairment?

A

Permanent loss/limitation of physical, cognitive or sensory functioning

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7
Q

What is the biophysical model

A

Disability is a combo of factors at a physical, emotional and environmental level…

  • impairments are due to illness/injury
  • but importance on biological, emotional and environmental issues on health, well being and function in society
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8
Q

3 laws relevant to dentistry

A

Mental capacity act
Human rights act 1998
Equality act 2010

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9
Q

What must someone be able to do to make a decision

A
  • comprehend
  • retain the info
  • use info to weigh pros and cons
  • be able to communicate the decision
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10
Q

What to do if someone has fluctuating capacity

A
  • take past and present wishes into account
  • written statements
  • values
  • beliefs
  • cultural, religious, family, lifestyle
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11
Q

4 types of child development

A
  • Physical: motor skills
  • Emotional and social
  • Sensory- hearing and vision
  • Cognitive and language
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12
Q

3 theories of child development

A

1- cognitive development
2- personality
3- psychosocial

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13
Q

Piaget’s 4 discrete stages of child development- cognitive development

A

1- sensorimotor 0-2 years
2- pre-operational 2-7 years
3- concrete operational 7-12 years
4- formal operational > 12 year

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14
Q

?

A

1- schema
2- assimilation
3- accomodation
4- equilibrium

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15
Q

4 types of parenting styles

A

1- authoritarian
2- authoritative
3- permissive
4- neglectful/rejectful

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16
Q

What is growth

A

complex biological phenomenon that starts at conception and is regulated by nutritional, hormonal and genetic factor

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17
Q

3 distinct phases of somatic growth in children

A

1- infancy
2- childhood
3- puberty

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18
Q

Growth pattern in infancy

A

determinant: nutrition

- Rapid foetal growth, decrease in rate when infancy reached.

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19
Q

Growth pattern in childhood

A

Growth hormone.

  • slow deceleration except mid childhood adrenal spurt
20
Q

Growth pattern in puberty

A

Sex steroid and GH

  • Pubertal growth spurt
21
Q

Sources of short stature/ failure to thrive

A
  • Nutrional
  • Constitutional (family?)
  • Intra-uterine growth radiation
  • Systemic disease
  • Iatrogenic
  • Inherited
22
Q

Growth disorders in children

A
  • Environmental defect
  • Chromosomal defect
  • Single gene defect
  • Polygenic disorder (multifunctional)
23
Q

Birth (growth) defects can be caused by a single defect or multiple defects… Name 4 types of multiple defects?

A
  • Associations
  • Sequences
  • Field complexes
  • Syndromes
24
Q

What is an association

A

Combo of anomalies which are associated statistically but underlying mechanism unknown

25
Q

What is a sequence

A

e.g. Potter’s sequence

Pierre-robin sequence

26
Q

What is a field complex

A

Insult to localised part of embryo resulting in abnormalities in adjacent structures of disparate embryonic origin.

27
Q

NAme a syndrome

A

Trisomy 21 (aka down’s syndrome)

28
Q

What is down’s syndrome?

A 
Learning delay
Cardiac defects
Short neck
Short stature
Hypodontia
Microdontia
Enamel defects
Perio disease
29
Q

What is william’s synfrome

A

Infantile hypercalcaemia

  • Deletion of gene ch 7
  • faulty calcium metabolism
  • Verbal
  • Over sociable
  • Elf face
  • Short
  • Delayed growth
  • Learning diff
  • behavioir problems
  • renal calculi
30
Q

What is dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A

AD

- associated with osteogenesis imp.

31
Q

Name the 3 types of Dentinogenesis imperfecta

A

1- mutation in type 1 colagen
2- mutation in dentine sialophosphoprotein 1 gene
3- brandywine isolate, maryland ch 4

32
Q

Name 3 classifications of genetic dentine anomalies

A
  • Dentinogenesis imperfecta
  • Radicular dentine dysplasia
  • DI with OI (syndromic)
33
Q

Dental Features of DI

A

Amber, grey to purplish discolouration

Pulpal obliteration

Relatively bulbous crowns, Short narrow roots

Enamel may be lost following tooth eruption, exposing soft dentine which wears rapidly

Normal mantle dentine

Affects primary > permanent

34
Q

What is Osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones

  • multiple fractures
  • unstable vertebral column
  • blue sclera
  • progressive hearing loss
  • dentinal changes

Bisphosphonates increase risk of osteonecrosis

35
Q

X-linked Vitamin D-resistant Rickets

Aka Hypophosphatemic rickets

A

Rachitic changes in long bones…
Failure of distal tubular phosphate reabsorption

Short stature
Bowing of legs
↓Serum phosphate, ↑Alkaline phosphatase

Large pulp chambers and elongated pulp horns
Abscesses in the absence of caries.

36
Q

What is Achondroplasia

A

Sporadic mutation in 75% and AD
Defect in FGFR3 gene

Shortened arms and legs. Upper arms & thighs > than forearms and lower legs
Large head size, frontal bossing
Flattened nasal bridge.

Crowding due to small jaws especially maxilla

37
Q

What is Cleidocranial Dysostosis

A

AD
Defective development of intramembraneous ossification.

  • Short in stature
  • Delayed closure of sutures
  • Absent clavicles
38
Q

Cleidocranial Dysostosis features…

in head and neck region

A
  • Frontal & parietal bossing
  • Hypoplastic maxilla & zygoma

Multiple unerupted teeth
Multiple supernumeraries

39
Q

What is Gigantism?

A
  • Overproduction of pituitary growth hormone
  • Usually due to adenoma
  • Before fusion of the epiphyses; results in gigantism of whole skeleton
  • After fusion; results in acromegaly
40
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A

-Continued growth at the mandibular condyle

  • Gross prognathism
  • Macroglossia

Spacing of the dentition
Thickening of the facial soft tissues
Overgrowth of hands and feet

41
Q

Philosophical views of children

A

1- Hobbes: children are born into sin
2- Rousseau: Children are inherently good but society corrupts them

3- Locke: empirical view, children are blank slates or tabula rasa
4- kant: transactional view, children born with mental structures but develop in interaction with environment

42
Q

Psychological views of children

A

Freud: unconcious child
Piaget: naturally developing child

43
Q

Research techniques with children

A

child-centred questionnaires

  • time line exercises
  • life grids
  • drawings
  • vignettes
44
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

Talking therapy.

  • Helps people address unhelpful thinking patterns
  • Ways of responding
45
Q

5 areas of CBT model

A
  • situational factors
  • unhelpful thoughts
  • altered feelings
  • unhelpful behaviours
  • altered physical symptoms

DEN203 (11 decks)

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