G&D- Diability, Children

Question 1

Name 4 models of disability

Answer 1

1- medical model
2- Individual model
3- Social model
4- Biophysical model

Question 2

What is the medical model of disability?

Answer 2

• Functional limitation
• biologically or physiologically determined
• pathology, personal deficit, medical tx

Question 3

What is the individual model?

Answer 3

Tragic problem for isolated unfortunate individuals

• focus is on what they can’t do
• incorporates medical model

Question 4

What is the social model

Answer 4

Oppression institutionally or societal

- We live in a disabling society- through barriers, attitudes and structural

Question 5

What is disabledement?

Answer 5

Loss/limitation of opportunities to take part in everyday life

Question 6

What is impairment?

Answer 6

Permanent loss/limitation of physical, cognitive or sensory functioning

Question 7

What is the biophysical model

Answer 7

Disability is a combo of factors at a physical, emotional and environmental level…

• impairments are due to illness/injury
• but importance on biological, emotional and environmental issues on health, well being and function in society

Question 8

3 laws relevant to dentistry

Answer 8

Mental capacity act
Human rights act 1998
Equality act 2010

Question 9

What must someone be able to do to make a decision

Answer 9

• comprehend
• retain the info
• use info to weigh pros and cons
• be able to communicate the decision

Question 10

What to do if someone has fluctuating capacity

Answer 10

• take past and present wishes into account
• written statements
• values
• beliefs
• cultural, religious, family, lifestyle

Question 11

4 types of child development

Answer 11

• Physical: motor skills
• Emotional and social
• Sensory- hearing and vision
• Cognitive and language

Question 12

3 theories of child development

Answer 12

1- cognitive development
2- personality
3- psychosocial

Question 13

Piaget’s 4 discrete stages of child development- cognitive development

Answer 13

1- sensorimotor 0-2 years
2- pre-operational 2-7 years
3- concrete operational 7-12 years
4- formal operational > 12 year

Question 14

?

Answer 14

1- schema
2- assimilation
3- accomodation
4- equilibrium

Question 15

4 types of parenting styles

Answer 15

1- authoritarian
2- authoritative
3- permissive
4- neglectful/rejectful

Question 16

What is growth

Answer 16

complex biological phenomenon that starts at conception and is regulated by nutritional, hormonal and genetic factor

Question 17

3 distinct phases of somatic growth in children

Answer 17

1- infancy
2- childhood
3- puberty

Question 18

Growth pattern in infancy

Answer 18

determinant: nutrition

- Rapid foetal growth, decrease in rate when infancy reached.

Question 19

Growth pattern in childhood

Answer 19

Growth hormone.

• slow deceleration except mid childhood adrenal spurt

Question 20

Growth pattern in puberty

Answer 20

Sex steroid and GH

• Pubertal growth spurt

Question 21

Sources of short stature/ failure to thrive

Answer 21

• Nutrional
• Constitutional (family?)
• Intra-uterine growth radiation
• Systemic disease
• Iatrogenic
• Inherited

Question 22

Growth disorders in children

Answer 22

• Environmental defect
• Chromosomal defect
• Single gene defect
• Polygenic disorder (multifunctional)

Question 23

Birth (growth) defects can be caused by a single defect or multiple defects… Name 4 types of multiple defects?

Answer 23

• Associations
• Sequences
• Field complexes
• Syndromes

Question 24

What is an association

Answer 24

Combo of anomalies which are associated statistically but underlying mechanism unknown

Question 25

What is a sequence

Answer 25

e.g. Potter's sequence Pierre-robin sequence

Question 26

What is a field complex

Answer 26

Insult to localised part of embryo resulting in abnormalities in adjacent structures of disparate embryonic origin.

Question 27

NAme a syndrome

Answer 27

Trisomy 21 (aka down's syndrome)

Question 28

What is down's syndrome?

Answer 28

``` Learning delay Cardiac defects Short neck Short stature Hypodontia Microdontia Enamel defects Perio disease ```

Question 29

What is william's synfrome

Answer 29

Infantile hypercalcaemia - Deletion of gene ch 7 - faulty calcium metabolism - Verbal - Over sociable - Elf face - Short - Delayed growth - Learning diff - behavioir problems - renal calculi

Question 30

What is dentinogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 30

AD | - associated with osteogenesis imp.

Question 31

Name the 3 types of Dentinogenesis imperfecta

Answer 31

1- mutation in type 1 colagen 2- mutation in dentine sialophosphoprotein 1 gene 3- brandywine isolate, maryland ch 4

Question 32

Name 3 classifications of genetic dentine anomalies

Answer 32

- Dentinogenesis imperfecta - Radicular dentine dysplasia - DI with OI (syndromic)

Question 33

Dental Features of DI

Answer 33

Amber, grey to purplish discolouration Pulpal obliteration Relatively bulbous crowns, Short narrow roots Enamel may be lost following tooth eruption, exposing soft dentine which wears rapidly Normal mantle dentine Affects primary > permanent

Question 34

What is Osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 34

brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones - multiple fractures - unstable vertebral column - blue sclera - progressive hearing loss - dentinal changes Bisphosphonates increase risk of osteonecrosis

Question 35

X-linked Vitamin D-resistant Rickets Aka Hypophosphatemic rickets

Answer 35

Rachitic changes in long bones... Failure of distal tubular phosphate reabsorption Short stature Bowing of legs ↓Serum phosphate, ↑Alkaline phosphatase Large pulp chambers and elongated pulp horns Abscesses in the absence of caries.

Question 36

What is Achondroplasia

Answer 36

Sporadic mutation in 75% and AD Defect in FGFR3 gene Shortened arms and legs. Upper arms & thighs > than forearms and lower legs Large head size, frontal bossing Flattened nasal bridge. Crowding due to small jaws especially maxilla

Question 37

What is Cleidocranial Dysostosis

Answer 37

AD Defective development of intramembraneous ossification. - Short in stature - Delayed closure of sutures - Absent clavicles

Question 38

Cleidocranial Dysostosis features... | in head and neck region

Answer 38

- Frontal & parietal bossing - Hypoplastic maxilla & zygoma Multiple unerupted teeth Multiple supernumeraries

Question 39

What is Gigantism?

Answer 39

- Overproduction of pituitary growth hormone - Usually due to adenoma - Before fusion of the epiphyses; results in gigantism of whole skeleton - After fusion; results in acromegaly

Question 40

What is Acromegaly?

Answer 40

-Continued growth at the mandibular condyle - Gross prognathism - Macroglossia Spacing of the dentition Thickening of the facial soft tissues Overgrowth of hands and feet

Question 41

Philosophical views of children

Answer 41

1- Hobbes: children are born into sin 2- Rousseau: Children are inherently good but society corrupts them 3- Locke: empirical view, children are blank slates or tabula rasa 4- kant: transactional view, children born with mental structures but develop in interaction with environment

Question 42

Psychological views of children

Answer 42

Freud: unconcious child Piaget: naturally developing child

Question 43

Research techniques with children

Answer 43

child-centred questionnaires - time line exercises - life grids - drawings - vignettes

Question 44

What is cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 44

Talking therapy. - Helps people address unhelpful thinking patterns - Ways of responding

Question 45

5 areas of CBT model

Answer 45

- situational factors - unhelpful thoughts - altered feelings - unhelpful behaviours - altered physical symptoms