G&D Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
When should a child begin to say his/her first words?
A
12months
1
Q
At what age can a child learn to ride a tricycle?
A
3years
1
Q
During what age range is a child’s egocentric and concrete?
A
Preschool age (3-6years) thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others; self-centered.
1
Q
When do infants begin social smiling?
A
6-8 weeks
1
Q
By when should an infant be able to transfer items from one hand to another?
A
7 months
1
Q
How do infants play?
A
They like to play by themselves; solitary play.
2
Q
When do infants have steady head control?
A
3months
2
Q
At what age do children recognize gender differences and refer to themselves by name?
A
2 years old
3
Q
What are some developmental characteristics of school age children (6-12 years old)?
A
* Each year a child gains 4-6 lbs, and about 2in in height
* Loss of primary teeth and eruption of permanent teeth
* Fine and gross motor skills mature
* A child can dress self completely
* Egocentric thinking is replaced by social awareness of others
* A child learns to tell time and understands past, present, and future
* Socialization with peers becomes important
* A child learns cause and effect relationships
3
Q
Describe the changes in height (length) seen in infants for the first 6 months of life and the second 6 months of life?
A
Increases by 2.5 cms (1 inch) per month for the first 6 months, then ½ inch per month second 6 months
4
Q
By what month should infants begin turning their heads to locate sound?
A
3months
5
Q
What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development are adolesent’s in?
A
They are in the identity vs role confusion stage. They are beginning to develop a sense of identity.
Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self.
5
Q
How long do newborns normally sleep?
A
20 hrs/day, waking up for feeds
6
Q
In regards to language development, what should a preschooler be able to say by 6 years?
A
use all parts of speech, define and describe use, shape or classification i.e. ball is “round and something you bounce”; give opposites
8
Q
How do toddlers play?
A
Remember that toddlers like parallel play (they play all by themselves but around other little kids)
8
Q
At what age can a toddler jump, stand on one foot (few seconds), and do a few tiptoe steps?
A
2.5 years
9
Q
By what age should a child be able to speak 3-4 word sentences?
A
3 years
10
Q
When should infants begin to crawl?
A
10months
10
Q
What are the normal changes in head circumference seen in infants during the 1st year of life?
A
- Newborn head circumference 33-35cms (13-14 inches)
- Increases ~ 2 cms/month (0.75 in) first 3 months
- Increases ~ 1 cm/month (0.4 in) 4-6 months
- Increases ~ 0.5 cm/month (0.2 in) second 6 month
10
Q
At what age are life-long eating habits established by?
A
3 years
11
Q
What is expected in the 3rd tanner stage, and when does this usually begin occuring by?
A
- Breast - Further enlargement of breast and areola with no separation of their contours
- Pubic hair - Hair darker, coarser, and curly and spread sparsely over entire pubis in the typical female triangle
Begins occuring between 11.5 years to about 12.5 years
12
Q
By when should a child be able to feed themselves with a spoon and cup?
A
2 years
12
Q
At what age do infants imitate actions and noises?
A
7months
13
Q
In regards to language development, what should an infant be able to say at 6months?
A
imitate sounds, combine syllables (mama)
15
When do infants begin to show excitment, recognize parent, or squeal with pleasure?
3 months
16
What develops first, receptive lanugage or expressive language?
Receptive language development: the ability to understand what is being said or asked develops before expressive language, which is the ability to communicate desires and feelings
17
What are some characteristics of psychosocial development in school age children?
* They like the form same sex clubs
* Boys only club or girls only club
* Peer approval is a strong motivator
* Mentioning children, or what other children did is useful for leverage when asking them to do things.
* Impaired ability to regulate emotion and manage physiological stress
18
What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development are toddlers in?
Autonomy vs doubt and shame - they are trying to develop a sense of autonomy According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control. Gaining a sense of personal control over the world is important at this stage of development. Toilet training plays a major role; learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences and clothing selection.
20
What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development are preschooler's in?
Developing a sense of initiative (initiative vs guilt) During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.
21
When should an infants weight double?
6months
22
When should a child be able to transfer objects from hand to hand?
7months
23
At what month should infants be able to roll over?
* 5 months: turn from abdomen to back
* 6 months: back to abdomen
24
What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development are infants in?
Trust vs mistrust - the child is developing a sense of trust Because an infant is entirely dependent upon his or her caregivers, the quality of care that the child receives plays an important role in the shaping of the child’s personality. During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them. When a baby cries, does his caregiver attend to his needs? When he is frightened, will someone comfort him? If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
26
What is the average increas in height for schoolage children per year?
2 in
27
At what month can infants begein sitting?
* 7 months: can sit alone with support
* 8 months: sit unsupported
27
At what age do infants become independent, begin feeding and drinking, need help with dressing, and are able to follow simple directions?
11 months
29
When do infants begin to develop separation anxiety?
4-8months
30
By what month should the moro reflex disappear?
4months
31
What are some social skills developed by preschoolers?
* **Group Cooperation**
* **Sharing (of things and feelings)**
* Kindness
* Generosity
* Affection display
* Conversation
* Expression of feelings
* Helping others
* Making friends
32
By when should a child's anterior fontanel close by?
12-18months
33
By when should a child achieve 50% of their adult height?
2years
34
How do preschoolers play?
* Provide physical, social and mental development
* **Associative play: group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules**
* **Play is imitative, imaginative and dramatic:** dress-up, dolls, housekeeping toys, trains, trucks, medical kits; reproduction of adult behavior
* **Reality and fantasy become blurred; imaginary companions-sign of health**
* Benefits for parent to play with child-improve verbal and language skills, encourages positive interactions
36
What are some developmental milestones seen in adolescents (12-19)?
* Girls growth spurts during adolescence begin earlier than boys (may begin as early as 9.5 in girls)
* Girls finish growth at around 15, boys around 17
* **Adult-like thinking begins around 15, they can problem-solve and use abstract thinking**
* Family conflits develop
For prolonged hospializations, adolescents need to maintain identity (have their own clothing, posers, and visitors). A teen room or teen night is very helpul, and teens parents shoul be discouraged to room-in.
36
What are some language development milestones for infants up to 12 months of age?
* 3-4 months: coos, laughs
* 6 months: imitate sounds, combine syllables (mama)
* 9-10 months: understand “no”
* 1 year: say 3-5 words; understand ~ 100 words
38
When does birth length increase by 50% in infants?
By 12 months and mainly in the trunk
39
How much weight and height should a child gain through the preschool years?
Each year a child gains 5lbs and grows 2.5-3in.
40
By when should a child be able to play peak-a-boo?
6months
42
At what age are infants personable, are able to play "peek-a-boo", and shows displeasure?
6months
43
How do fine motor skills develop?
* They develop in a **proximodistal** fashion (from the center to the periphery)
* The infant first bats with the whole hand, eventually progressing to gross grasping, before being capable of fine finger grasping
* **Ex: infants use a palmar grasp before developing the finer pincer grasp**
45
What is the normal respiratory rate for a 12 month old child and what type of breathing pattern do they have?
* 12 months: RR 20-30
* More regular and rhythmic
46
During what age range are all of a child's primary teeth present?
1-3 years
47
School age children, according to Piaget, have concrete operational thinking; what does this mean?
* They use thought processes to experience events and actions
* They are developing an understanding of relationships between things and ideas
* They are able to make judgements based on reason (conceptual thnking)
* They understand the concept of Converation, that physical matter does nt appear and disappear by magic
48
By when should an infant be able to roll from abdomen to back and back to abdomen?
5-6months
48
At what age can a toddler jump, stand on one foot, walk on tiptoes, and climb the stairs using alternating footing?
3 years
49
At what age should children learn to tie their shoes by?
5 years
50
What is the normal respiratory rate for newborns and what type of breathing pattern do they have?
* Newborns: RR 30-60 per minute
* Respiratory rate is Irregular, periodic pauses
50
In regards to language development, what should a preschooler be able to say by 4-5 years?
use 4 to 5 word sentences, follow simple directional commands
52
How much weight gain are school age children expected to gain every year?
2/3Kg
53
In regards to language development, what should an infant be able to say at 3-4months?
coos, laughs
55
A child is considered overweight when they are at whate %til on the bmi growth curve?
85%tile
56
At what age do the first primary teath erupt, and what teeth erupt?
6-8 months: first primary teeth erupt, lower central incisors
58
How do gross motor skills develop?
* They develop in a **cephalocaudal** fashion (from the head to the tail)
* The baby learns to lift the head before learning to roll over and sit
* **Ex: Standing, sitting without assistance, or taking a few steps**
59
What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development are school age children in?
Industry vs interiority At the school-going stage, the child's world extends beyond the home to the school. The emphasis is on academic performance. There is a movement from play to work. Earlier the child could play at activities with little or no attention given to the quality of results. Now, he needs to perform and produce good results! The child soon learns that he can win recognition from parents, teachers and peers by being proficient in his school work. The attitudes and opinions of others become important. The school plays a major role in the resolution of the developmental crisis of initiative versus inferiority. If children are praised for doing their best and encouraged to finish tasks then work enjoyment and industry may result. Children's efforts to master school work help them to grow and form a positive self-concept ... a sense of who they are. Children who cannot master their school work may consider themselves a failure and feelings of inferiority may arise. A child may also feel a sense of shame if his parents unthinkingly share his "failures" with others. Shame stems from a sense of self-exposure, a feeling that one's deficiencies are exposed to others.
60
At what age does a child learn to run, skip, and hop?
3-6years
62
Around what age is toilet training begun?
2 years
64
By what age should a child be able to use a cup well, and be able to build towers of 6-7 blocks?
30 months (2.5 years old)
65
When should a child be able to walk without assistance?
10-12months
66
By what age shoulda child be able to copy a circle?
The child should be able to draw a circle by 3 years old
67
What is expected in the 4th tanner stage, and when does this usually begin occuring by?
Breast - Projection of areola and papilla to form a secondary mound (may not occur in all girls
Pubic hair - It is denser, curled, and adult in distribution but less abundant and restricted to the pubic area
**Occurs around ages 12.5-14**
68
At what age does a child learn to use scissors?
4 years
69
What is the average weight of an infant at birth, 6 months, and 12 months of age?
* Birth = 7.5lb
* 6 months = 16lb (7.3kg)
* 12 months = 23 (10.5)
70
By what month should infants be attempting to build 2 block towers?
12 months
72
How long do infants 3-4 months old sleep compared to infants whoare 12 months old?
* 3-4 months: ~ 9-11 hrs/night; ~ 3 naps/day
* 12 months: ~12 hrs/night; ~ 1-2 naps/day
73
When does fine pincer grasp appear in infants?
Begins around 8-9 months and establish by 10-12months
74
At what age do infants laugh aloud, and enjoy novel stimuli?
4 months
75
By what age should a child be able to speak 2-3 word sentences?
2 years
76
By what age should a child be able to scribble on a piece of paper?
15 months (1 year and 3 months)
77
What is expected in the 5th tanner stage, and when does this usually begin occuring by?
Breast - Mature configuration; projection of papilla only caused by recession of areola into general contour
Pubic hair - Hair in adult quanitity, type, and pattern; spreading to inner aspects of thighs
**Occurs around age 14-18 for most women**
78
In regards to language development, what should an infant be able to say at 9months?
understands “no”
79
By what age should a child be able to say his/her first and last name?
2.5-3 years
80
By when should an infant be able to hold a bottle?
6 months
81
When should an infants weight triple?
12months
82
By when should the posterior fontanel close by?
8 weeks
83
What are the changes in pulse rate and blood pressure as a newborn child progresses to a 12month old?
* The average pulse rate decreases from 120 to 140 in the newborn to about 100 in the 1-year-old
* Blood pressure steadily increases, from an average of 60/40 in the newborn to 100/50 in the 12-month-old
84
A child is considered Obese when they are at whate %til on the bmi growth curve?
95%tile
85
In regards to language development, what should an infant be able to say at 12months?
should be able to say 3-5 words; understands ~ 100 words
86
What are the major components of a school age child's self-concept?
**They are developing a:**
* Sense of accomplishment
* They acquire a sense of personal and interpersonal competence
* **School age children are motivated to complete tasks**
* All children feel some degree of inferiority over skills they cannot master
* Positive self-esteem.
* Process of self evaluation
* Begins to internalize outside opinions (be careful what you say to them and how you say it)
* Small successes can improve self-esteem
* Body image
* Generally childdren like their physical selves less as they grow older
* Significant others plays a role and the media plays a role in the child's self-esteem
* Sexuality
* Children are normally curious
* "ill show you mine if you show me yours"
87
What is expected in the 1st tanner stage?
No pubic hair, essentially the same as during childhood; no distinction between air on pubis and over the abdomen
89
What are some common developmental characteristics of preschool children (3-6years old)?
\* Their thinking is egocentric and concrete \* A child uses sentences of 5-8 words \* A child learns sexual identity (curiosity and masturbation are common) \* Imaginary playmates and fears are common
90
When do infants begin to develop stranger anxiety?
6-8months
91
What is expected in the 2nd tanner stage, and when does this usually begin occuring by?
* Breast bud stage - small area of elevation around papilla; enlargement of areolar diameter
* Pubic hair - Sparse growth of long, straight, downy, and slighly pigmentted hair extending along labia; between stages 2 and 3 begins to appear on pubis
**Begins to occur at age 10**
92
What are some characteristics of cognitive development in adolescents, according to piaget?
* Formal operational thinking—ages 11 to 14
* Abstract terms, possibilities, and hypotheses
* Decision-making abilities increase
* May not use formal operational thought and reasoned decision making all the time, "choices"
* They can appreciate consequences to actions, they don’t internalize it until they see it.
