Future Directions in Social Psychology Flashcards
Give the 3 main points when considering the auditory gaydar and the gay voice.
Individuals consider voice as a cue of sexual orientation.
Social categorisation of sexual orientation based on voice is often inaccurate and based on stereotypes.
People hold specific beliefs about the gay voice.
How did men and women see their voice?
Men believe their voices were more revealing of their sexual orientation than women.
Feminine-sounding men - more likely to be perceived as gay and vice versa.
Gay men have been noticed as having a gay voice much more frequently than lesbian women.
Gay men: 40.6% discrimination.
Give some examples of voice and discrimination.
Gay/lesbian sounding speakers were seen as less employable and having a lower salary.
Individuals have specific beliefs about voice as a cue of social group membership.
Gay men more likely to report auditory gaydar episodes - related to stigma.
Subtle discrimination triggered by voice - e.g. court cases.
Italian-accented-gay-sounding speakers perceived as less masculine, more feminine, less competent and more sociable.
What are the five challenges to gender binary?
Sexual dimorphism and the human brain.
Fluid dynamic hormonal systems.
The similarities hypothesis regarding women and men.
Transgender and non-binary individuals exist.
The gender binary is culturally variable, not natural.
What are the rules of a gender binary system?
Gender is invariant.
Genitals are the essential sign of gender.
Any exceptions to two genders are not to be taken seriously.
People feel obliged to re-affirm gender binary - e.g. policeman.
What is intersex?
Physical characteristics do not conform from normative definitions of both male and female embodiment.
Experts disagree on right terms + defining features.
Medical treatment is ongoing + controversial.
Psychologists disagree with surgery more than doctors.
Difference between medically necessary + cosmetic interventions.
Trump - trying to define transgender out of existence.
Gender binary is culturally particular. Controversial.
What is objectification of workers?
From of dehumanisation, attributing less humanness to individuals.
Treating people as means to an end.
What are the 7 ways of objectifying?
Instrumentality, denial of autonomy, denial of autonomy, inertness, fungibility, violability, ownership, denial of subjectivity.
What are two ways in which workers can be objectified?
Power - power relations between the perceived and the target are symmetric.
Work activities - work activities themselves characterised by repetitiveness, fragmentation and other direction.
Give an example of workplace objectification due to power asymmetry (Gruenfeld).
Pps reported greater instrumentality in the relationship with a subordinate vs a peer. Effect greater among executives than students. More power = more objectification.
Give an example of workplace objectification due to work activities (Andrighetto).
Repetitiveness of movement, fragmentation of activities, dependence of machine - all led to induced perceptions of workers as instruments + less human.
Workers attributed fewer mental states to themselves. Self-objectification also induced a decrease in beliefs in free-will.
Name some measures of self-objectification.
Self-mental state attribution task, self-objectification measure, free-will + determinism scale.
What does social exclusion lead to decreased levels in + name a study which provides evidence for this.
Belonging, self-esteem, meaningful existence, control.
3 different study - pps’ perceptions of self-objectification increased. Pps’ perceptions of closeness with other people decreased.
What are some implications of work place objectification?
Could extend beyond the workplace.
Affect the network of the workers’ social bond.
Implications for wellbeing.
Should design interventions.
