Further Public Health

Question 1

What is prevalence?

Answer 1

The ratio of the number of cases of a disease present in a statistical population at a given time and the number of individuals in the population.

Number of cases at one time —————————————— Number of people in the population

Question 2

What is incidence?

Answer 2

The number of NEW CASES of a condition that arise during a given time period. Expressed as a percentage of a population or rate per 1000 population.

INCIDENCE IS MORE APPROPRIATE IN ACUTE DISEASE

Question 3

What is absolute risk?

Answer 3

INCIDENCE of a disease in any given population

Cases
———
Total

Question 4

What is the relative risk?

Answer 4

RATIO of incidence rate in the exposed group to incidence rate in the unexposed group

Absolute risk of the exposed group
———————————————
Absolute risk of the unexposed group

Question 5

What is the attributable risk?

Answer 5

DIFFERENCE between incidence rates in exposed and unexposed groups

Absolute risk of exposed - absolute risk of unexposed

Question 6

What are the different study designs?

Answer 6

• case reports and series
  Descriptive - ecological studies
  - cross section and longitudinal studies

                                                 - cohort Observational  - analytical 
                                                 - case control
  
                         - randomised control trials Interventional 
                         - others

Question 7

What must be considered when producing educational information?

Answer 7

Can the target audience read?
Can they speak English?
Do they have the facilities/ability to implement the proposed?

USE PICTURES

Question 8

What is PICO?

Answer 8

Population of interest
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

Question 9

What is the odds ratio?

Answer 9

It quantifies how strongly the presence or absence of A is associated with the presence or absence of B. Are they causative or confounding or just simply present?

Odds ratio >1 means A is associated with B

Question 10

What is the highest form of evidence?

Answer 10

Meta-analysis