Fungi and Plants/Animals

Question 1

Symbiosis

Answer 1

Close long-term biological relationship between two organisms

Question 2

Biotrophs

Answer 2

Pathogens that obtain nutrients and energy from a living host

Question 3

Model biotroph

Answer 3

Ustilago maydis (corn smut)

Question 4

Teliospores

Answer 4

Thick-walled resting spores formed by corn smut

Question 5

Specialized structure used to penetrate plant cells

Answer 5

Appressorium

Question 6

Haustorium

Answer 6

Feeding structure containing receptors and transport proteins to absorb nutrients from cell

Question 7

Necrotrophs

Answer 7

Pathogens that kill and obtain energy from a dead host

Question 8

Model necrotroph

Answer 8

Black spot disease

Question 9

Hemibiotrophs

Answer 9

Fungal pathogens with an initial biotrophic phase that shift to necrotrophic once infection well-established

Question 10

Highly conserved molecules present and essential in microbes but absent from plants

Answer 10

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns

Question 11

Surface-localized transmembrane proteins that recognize MAMPs and transmit alarm signal

Answer 11

Pattern Recognition Receptors

Question 12

Hartig net

Answer 12

Fungal growth between root cells found in ectomycorrhiza

Question 13

Dense fungal mycelium that coats root in ectomycorrhiza

Answer 13

Mantle

Question 14

Arbuscule

Answer 14

Fungal growth within plant cells, site of nutrient exchange

Question 15

Specialized hyphal extension for attachment and penetration in AMF

Answer 15

Hyphopodium

Question 16

Model ectomycorrhiza

Answer 16

Laccaria bicolor

Question 17

Hormone secreted by plant roots under N or P deprivation

Answer 17

Strigolactone

Question 18

Perifungal membrane

Answer 18

Extension of plant cell membrane surrounding hypha

Question 19

Peri-arbuscular membrane

Answer 19

Extension of plant cell membrane surrounding arbuscules

Question 20

Nutrient-rich hyphal swelling used as ant food

Answer 20

Gonglydia

Question 21

Ruminants

Answer 21

Hoofed herbivores that can acquire nutrients from plant-based foods

Question 22

Generalists

Answer 22

Infect and consume insect host rapidly, not host specific, necrotrophic

Question 23

Specialists

Answer 23

Infect specific host, often affecting behaviour/morphology, use host for food and spore dispersal, hemibiotrophic

Question 24

Fungal disease in humans

Answer 24

Mycosis

Question 25

Aspergillosis

Answer 25

Disease of lungs caused by inhaling conidia/spores of Aspergillus fumigatus