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fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fungi are?

A

mold
yeast
mushrooms

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2
Q

why are fungi harder to kill than bacteria?

A

Fungi are eukaryotic so they can’t be treated with antibiotics

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3
Q

how do yeast grow?

A

by budding

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4
Q

how does mold grow?

A

by making mycelium which is composed of hyphae and conidia

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5
Q

what is targeted for chemotherapy in fungi?

A

ergosterol in the membrane

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6
Q

what is the rigid cell wall of fungi made of?

A

inner glucan

outer mannan

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of hyphae?

A

septate=separates different parts of hyphae

nonseptate=big long tube with many nuclei

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8
Q

hyphae vs pseudohyphae

A 
Hyphae = mycelium, multinucleated
Pseudeohyphae = psuedomycelium, long chains of yeast cells, mononucleated
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9
Q

Describe fungi sexual cycle

A

both genders secrete pheromones
it signals Ras protein to induce sexual cycle
both cells grow towards each other
both cells fuse
zygote is created
undergoes meiosis to make 2 male and 2 female spores

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10
Q

what are the 4 fungal types?

A

Ascomycetes - septate hyphae and yeilds meiotic products in sac or ascus
Basidiomycetes- septate hyphae and yeilds meiotic products on base or basidium
Zygomycetes - nonseptate hyphae and large diameter hyphae and zygospore forms when 2 haploids fuse
Deutermyces - unclassified and sexual cycle not discovered

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11
Q

what is temperature dimporphism?

A

fungi can grow as mold in Sabourad’s agar (colder)

or fungi can grow as yeast in blood (wamer)

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12
Q

What does fungi stain as?

A

Fungi are not classified as gram positive or gram negative but it takes up crystal violet

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13
Q

most fungi are saprobes. What are saprobes?

A

decomposers
degrade and live on dead organic matter
can live on just glucose, NH3, SO4, PO4, trace elements
cultured on sabourad’s agar made of agar, glucose, protein hydrolysate (peptone)

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14
Q

what are the antifungal drug mechanisms?

A

polyenes - hole in ergosterol
Imidazoles - inhibits cytochrome P450 enzyme in ergosterol synthesis
Terbinafine - inhibits squalene epoxidase (monooxygenase)
Echinocandins - inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting glucan synthesis
Flourocytosine - inhbits RNA/DNA synthesis
Griseofulvin - inhibits microtubules

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15
Q

what are the antifungal types of drugs and examples?

A 
polyenes - amphotericin B and Nystatin
Imidazole - clotirimazole and fluconazole
Terbinafine - Lamsil
Echinocandins - caspofungin (cancidas)
Flourcytosine - ancabon
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16
Q

list of superficial mycotic (fungal) infections

A

various tineas (ringworms)
favus
black and white piedra
black palms

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17
Q

tineas (ringworms) examples?

A 
Tineas capitis - (on scalp)
Tineas cruris (penis)
Tineas pedis - (athletes foot)
Tineas barbi - (on beard)
Tineas corporis - (body)
Tineas onychomnycosis - (nails)
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18
Q

what are dermatophytes?

A

fungi that require keratin for growth

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19
Q

what are the 3 genera of dermatophytes?

A

Tinea infections are caused by the dermatophytes trichophyton, microsporum, and epidermophyton

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20
Q

which dermatophytes are slow growing?

A

Trichophyton
epidermophyton
microsporum

21
Q

properties of dermatophytes

A

grow faster in lipids
don’t grow above skin temperature 34 degrees
produce proteases to degrade keratin
produce hyphae and macroconidia
produce spores which are aleurospore
mostly aerobic and sometimes facultative anaerobic
never obligate anaerobe

22
Q

what is the more severe form of tineas pedis (athletes foot)?

A

nail involvement
bleeding
bacterial infection

23
Q

what does tinea unguium onchomycosis require?

A

infects nail bed so it requires systemic treatment

24
Q

what fungi cause Tineas?

A

Favus - Tinea favosa = favic chandeliers and scales on scalp
Tinea versicolor = Mallesezia globosa and M. furfur, dimorphic fungus, normal flora, fungus inhibits melanin producing light spots, sometimes spots are darker
Tinea Nigra = exophiala sp.

25
Q

how to detect superficial dermatophytosis?

A

KOH preps of skin scraping

26
Q

what is the dermatophytid (id) response?

A

allergic reaction on body with pustules by the secreted foreign protein which causes itching
But there is no fungi in this part, even if you do a skin scraping
if you see this id response, you look elsewhere on body for dermatophyte infection to find fungus on skin scraping

27
Q

favus

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

28
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

Mallesezia globosa or M.furfur

29
Q

sporotirchosis

A

sporotrichum schenkii (sporothrix)

30
Q

subcutaneous infection list of species

A 
pseudoallescheria
exophalia
fonsecaea
phialaphora
cladosporium
31
Q

list of systemic mycotic infections

A

histoplasmosis - granuloma in lungs and fungi can grow in granuloma
NA blastomycosis broad based large yeast cell
SA blastomycosis multiple budding yeast
coccidiodomycosis - spores inhaled respiratory illness (mold and spheules)
cryptoococcosis - encapsulated yeast and no dimorphism

32
Q

systemic mycotic infection characteristics

A

transmitted by mold spore or yeast inhalation
respiratory tract infection that leave calcified granulomas
in IC pt. rare severe respiratory syndrome or skin lesions, meningitis, organ involvement
diagnosed by observing organism in infected tissue, immunoassays, PCR
treated with imidazole or amphotericin B

33
Q

histoplasmosis x ray shows

A

primary lung infection with consolidation
then after healing you are left with granulomas not due to tumor.
sometimes live fungal cells grow in granuloma

34
Q

where are major incidence of histoplasmosis?

A

midwestern river valleys

35
Q

properties of histoplasmosis

A 
facultative intracellular (grows in cells like lymph node or vesicle like macrophage)
prevents lysosome from killing it and thats how it grows in macrophage
36
Q

NA blastomycosis

A

skin lesion
dimorphic
broad-based very large yeast cell
east coast

37
Q

SA blastomycosis

A

skin lesion
dimorphic
multiple budding yeast cells
septate hyphea on mold phase

38
Q

coccidiomycosis

A

in soil desert areas west coast
spherules in infected tissue (infective stage) = spherule stage is 5 days
arthrospores in mold stage from sabourads agar can be inhaled
no yeast phase
short hyphae in lung

39
Q

cryptococcus neoforms

A 
encapsulated yeast
no temperature dimorphism
grows in pigeon and other bird droppings
observed in india ink and birdseed agar shows pigmented yeast
skin lesions
can go to brain
40
Q

list of opportunitistic fungal infections

A

candidiasis
aspergillosis
zygomycosis
pneumocystal pneumonia

41
Q

candida albicans

A 
vaginal smear
a yeast
oral thrush
affects skin, retina, and nail
dimorphic
germ tube formation in blood serum
chlamydospores on corn meal agar
42
Q

candida auris

A

antifungal resistant
oral thrush
opportunistic

43
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A 
specimen from lung biopsy
normal flora
airborne
treat with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
opportunistic infection
used to be protozoan, now reclassified as fungus
44
Q

aspergillus flavus

A 
different colonial morphologies
fast growing
lethal, ubiquitous
granuloma in lung
grows in blood vessel
45
Q

zygomycetes

A

mucor sp.

large diameter hyphae visible on agar plate

46
Q

mycotoxicosis and sick building syndrome

A

nonspecific symptoms
mold poisons and allergens are the causes
stachybotrys sp.
aspergillis sp.

47
Q

list of mycotoxicosis

A

amanitis phalloidis
psilocybe cyanescens
aspergillus flavus

48
Q

purely opportunisitic fungal infections?

A

candidiasis
aspergillosis
zygomycosis
pneumocystal pneumonia

cell bio (9 decks)

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