cell communication

Question 1

contact dependent

Answer 1

cell to cell contact by ligand and receptor

Question 2

paracrine

Answer 2

close by (neighboring)

Question 3

synaptic

Answer 3

nerve cells transmit signals

Question 4

endocrine

Answer 4

long distance signaling through hormones in bloodstream

Question 5

ion channel linked receptors

Answer 5

binds ligands and opens channel to allow ion to pass through

Question 6

g protein linked receptors

Answer 6

activates enzyme

Question 7

enzyme linked receptors

Answer 7

activates enzyme initiating signaling cascades

Question 8

what is the role of Nitric oxide (NO)?

Answer 8

causes rapid relaxation of smooth muscle cell

Question 9

define hormones

Answer 9

hormones are organic compounds that are made in glands and secreted in blood to transport to target cells

Question 10

how are hormones regulated?

Answer 10

by production of receptors by target cells and they act at low concentrations

Question 11

list steroid hormones

Answer 11

progesterone
androgen
estrogen
corticosteroids

Question 12

list peptide hormones

Answer 12

ACTH
TSH
MSH
LH
FSH
Growth hormone
insulin
glucagon

Question 13

list amino acid derivatives

Answer 13

catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Question 14

list of hormones with some hormone like properties

Answer 14

vitamin D
prostaglandins
growth factors and cytokines
retinoids
endorphins
acetylcholine

Question 15

what does PI-3 kinase result in?

Answer 15

growth and prolonged cell survival

Question 16

what cleaves PIP-2 into DAG and IP3?

Answer 16

phospholipase c

Question 17

what does DAG and Ca2+ lead to?

Answer 17

activation of protein kinase c

Question 18

what do kinases do ?

Answer 18

phosphorylate proteins

Question 19

what does elF4E and S6 kinase do?

Answer 19

increases protein synthesis

Question 20

what do GTPases do?

Answer 20

binds to GTP to hydrolyze it to GDP

Question 21

what stimulates growth and cell survival?

Answer 21

SHP1
SHP2
IL-3

Question 22

what does an increase in cyclic AMP do?

Answer 22

activates gene transcription

Question 23

first messengers vs second messengers

Answer 23

first messengers are extracellular signaling molecules which induce second messengers
second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules

Question 24

what does catecholamine (a hormone) bind to that inhibits adenylate cyclase?

Answer 24

alpha-2 adrenergic

Question 25

what does catecholamine (a hormone) bind to that stimulates adenylate cyclase?

Answer 25

beta-adrenergic

Question 26

what does TGF-B activate?

Answer 26

Smad-dependent signaling pathway

Question 27

what does alpha interferon activate?

Answer 27

Jak-STAT signaling pathway

Question 28

how does the regulation of Ras signaling occur?

Answer 28

by binding to either GDP or GTP

Question 29

what does the Wnt signaling pathway affect?

Answer 29

wnt affects the stability of beta-catenin

Question 30

what kind of protein kinase activity is in Jak-STAT and Smad signaling?

Answer 30

serine/threonine kinase domain

Question 31

type 1 nuclear receptor

Answer 31

steroid sensing. hormone enters cytoplasm

Question 32

type 2 nuclear receptor

Answer 32

type 2 receptor is retained in the nucleus and thyroid hormone receptor forms dimer with RXR receptor. Hormone enters nucleus in absence of ligand it uses corepressor proteins