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Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

are fungi eukaryotic?

A

yes

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2
Q

what are the 3 major groups of fungi?

A

moulds, yeast, mushrooms

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3
Q

are fungi ubiqutious?

A

yes

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4
Q

how do fungi survive?

A
  • they secrete hydrolytic enzymes that allow them to solubilise substances
  • they are usually aerobic
  • can be facultative anaerobe (can obtain energy by fermentation - yeast)
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5
Q

fungi can be either…

A

saprophytic or parasitic

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6
Q

what is a saprophytic fungi?

A

uses dead organic matter as a nutrient source

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7
Q

what is a parasitic fungi?

A

live on another organism

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8
Q

what is the fungal cell wall like?

A

very rigid - provides rigidity and structure, they have lots of layers, 80-90% polysaccharide, also contains chitin, glucans (mannans, galactosans), cellulose, mannans

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9
Q

what is the fungal cell membrane like?

A

similar to eukaryotes, has 6% sterol composition, ergosterol instead of cholestrol which could be a selective target for drug design, it also regulates osmotic pressure

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10
Q

what is the shape of yeast?

A

spherical, oval or cylindrical in shape, 3-30micrometers, they are unicellular fungi , it can produce sexually and asexually

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11
Q

what is the shape of moulds?

A

they consist of branched, thread like filaments called hyphae which form a mycelium.
it has lots of nuclei - multinucleate so can rapidly divide

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12
Q

what are hyphae?

A

branched, thread like filaments

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13
Q

what do all the hyphae together form?

A

a mycelium

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14
Q

what is the difference between septate and coenocytic?

A

septate (with cross walls) or coenocytic (continous cytoplasm)

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15
Q

when do mushrooms occur?

A

when conditions are favourable

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16
Q

how do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

a mixing of genetic material occurs so that the offspring exhibit traits of both arents.

17
Q

many species of fungal can use both sexual and asexual reproduction at different times. True or false?

A

tru

18
Q

what mechanism do yeast use to asexually reproduce?

A

fission and budding

19
Q

moulds have unique reproductive structure. true or false

A

true

20
Q

can yeast become resistant really quickly?

A

yes

21
Q

how do moulds reproduce?

A

asexually, exospores (conidia) are involved. they occur from fusion of unicellular gametes or specialised hyphae

22
Q

what do spores depend on?

A

specie

23
Q

what are the 2 types of spores?

A

acospores - formed in enclosed sac

- basidiospores - formed in club shaped baidium

24
Q

what is yeast used in industrially?

A

fermentation (beer, wine bread) & genetic engineering

25
Q

what can molds do medically to us?

A

colonise us - causing superficial (surface layer of the body) mycoses
Hypersensitivity - fungal spores, mycelial fragments
-toxins

26
Q

what is a candidiasis?

A

a yeast infection, they can be superficial such as oral or vaginal thrush, or systemic and potentially life-threatening diseases.

27
Q

who are most vulnerable to candida infections?

A

immunocompromised, such as cancer, transplant, and AIDS patients, are vulnerable

28
Q

how is candidiasis treated?

A

commonly treated with topical clotrimazole, topical nystatin, fluconazole and topical ketoconazole.

29
Q

what can we target in fungi to get rid of them?

A

ergosterol, bc human cell dont have that, its found in membranes instead of cholestrol

30
Q

some antifungal drugs and causse they target

A

Polyoxins: inhibit chitin biosynthesis (not used clinically)
5-fluorocytosine: nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
Emergence of resistance

31
Q

what is yeasts’ dimorphism?

A

yeast can either grow as a yeast (single cells)

or they can form a mycelial and grow together.

32
Q

at body temperature, how does candida albicans grow?

A

it forms a mycelial, making it more pathogenic that can invade our tissues, allow it to reproduce more rapidly , gives a competitive advantage

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