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MicroPara Lec > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

From what kingdom is fungi?

A

Fungi Kingdom

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2
Q

Fungi are ___________ and acquire food by _________.

A

chemoheterotrophs
absorption

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3
Q

With the
exception of _______, fungi are ____________.

A

yeasts
multicellular

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4
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Most reproduce with sexual and asexual spores.

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5
Q

Fungal colonies are described as _________ ___________ because they’re composed of the cells involved in
_________ and _______.

A

vegetative structures
catabolism
growth

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6
Q

What is the body of a mold or fleshy fungus that consists of long filaments of cells?

A

Thallus

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7
Q

What are the are long filaments of cells joined together?

A

Hyphae

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8
Q

This structure can grow to immense proportions.

A

Thallus

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9
Q

Hyphae, in most molds, containing cross-walls called septa which divide them into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units.

A

Septate hyphae

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10
Q

Hyphae, in a few classes of fungi, containing no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with
many nuclei.

A

Coenocytic or Nonseptate hyphae

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11
Q

Each part of a ______ is capable of growth, and when a _________
breaks off, it can _________ to form a new hypha.

A

hypha
fragment
elongate

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12
Q

What is the portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients?

A

Vegetative hypha

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13
Q

What is the hypha that projects above the surface of the
medium on which the fungus is growing?

A

Reproductive or aerial hypha

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14
Q

This type of hyphae grow to form this filamentous mass when environmental conditions are suitable,
which is visible to the unaided eye.

A

Mycelium

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15
Q

This fungi is non-filamentous, unicellular; spherical or oval.

A

Yeasts

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16
Q

What is a type of fungi that is widely distributed; frequently white powdery coating on fruits and leaves?

A

Yeasts

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17
Q

What fungi is capable of facultative anaerobic growth?

A

Yeasts

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18
Q

Fungi used to ferment carbohydrates and produce ethanol (brewed
beverages) and CO2 (leavening bread dough).

A

Yeasts

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19
Q

Fungi that can perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water.

A

Yeasts

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20
Q

An example of a budding yeast.

A

Saccharomyces

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21
Q

In ________, the parent cell forms a ____________ (bud) on its outer
surface.

A

budding
protuberance

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22
Q

As the bud _________, the parent cell’s nucleus divides, and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid down between the bud and _________ ______, and the bud eventually breaks away.

A

elongates
parent cell

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23
Q

What is called to the buds that fail to detach themselves, forming a short chain of cells?

A

pseudohypha

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24
Q

What attaches to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires
pseudohyphae to invade deeper tissues?

A

Candida albicans

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25
Q

An example of fission yeasts.

A

Schizosaccharomyces

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26
Q

During _________, the parent cell elongates, its nucleus divides,
and two _________ cells evenly divided are produced.

A

fission
offspring

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27
Q

Pathogenic species, exhibit ________ or two forms of growth, that is temperature-dependent.

A

dimorphism

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28
Q

In dimorphism, it could either act as a
____ (37°C; produce ________ and aerial hyphae) or as a _______ (25°C; reproduce by _______).

A

mold
vegetative
yeast
budding

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29
Q

Filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by ___________ of their hyphae.

A

fragmentation

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30
Q

Sexual and _______
reproduction in fungi occurs by the formation of ________.

A

asexual
spores

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31
Q

What are formed from aerial hyphae in a number
of different ways, depending on the species?

A

Spores

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32
Q

Fungal _______ can be either asexual or sexual. Fungi are
usually identified by _____ ____.

A

spores
spore type

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33
Q

Asexual spores are formed by the ______ of one organism.

A

hyphae

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34
Q

Such spores are produced through _________ and
subsequent cell division; there is no ______ of the nuclei of cells.

A

mitosis
fusion

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35
Q

When these spores __________, they
become organisms that are genetically _______ to the parent.

A

germinate
identical

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36
Q

Name the types of asexual spores.

A

Conidiospore and Sporangiospores

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37
Q

What is a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac?

A

Conidiospore

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38
Q

What is produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore?

A

Conidiospore

39
Q

Examples of conidiospore.

A

Penicillium and Aspergillus

40
Q

What is the conidia that is formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells?

A

Anthroconidia

41
Q

What is an example of Anthroconidia?

A

Coccidioides immitis

42
Q

What is the conidia that is formed from the buds of its parent cell?

A

Blastoconidia

43
Q

This is found in some yeasts, such as C. albicans and Cryptococcus.

A

Blastoconidia

44
Q

What is a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment?

A

Chlamydoconidia

45
Q

What is an example of Chlamydoconidia?

A

Candida albicans

46
Q

What is formed within a sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore?

A

Sporangiospores

47
Q

What is an example of Sporangiospores?

A

Rhizopus

48
Q

________ identification is based on ___________ examination of asexual spores, because most fungi exhibit
only asexual spores in _________ settings.

A

Clinical
microscopic
laboratory

49
Q

This result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of
fungus.

A

Sexual spores

50
Q

Which is more frequent, sexual spores or asexual spores?

A

asexual spores

51
Q

Organisms that grow from ______ spores will have genetic characteristics of both ________ strains.

A

sexual
parental

52
Q

What are the phases of sexual spores?

A

Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis

53
Q

A phase of sexual spores where a haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)..

A

Plasmogamy

54
Q

A phase of sexual spores where the (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.

A

Karyogamy

55
Q

A phase of sexual spores where the diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants.

A

Meiosis

56
Q

Fungi are __________ – absorb nutrients rather than __________ them.

A

chemoheterotrophs
ingesting

57
Q

Environmental requirements and nutritional characteristics of fungi:

A
  • usually grow better in an environment with a pH of about 5
  • almost all molds are aerobic; most yeasts are facultative anaerobes
  • resistant to osmotic pressure; most can grow in relatively high sugar or salt concentrations
  • grow on substances with a very low moisture content
  • require somewhat less nitrogen
  • metabolizes complex carbohydrates, such as lignin
58
Q

Medically important fungi includes?

A

Teleomorphs and anamorphs

59
Q

Also known as conjugation fungi, are saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae.

A

Zygomycota/ Zygomycetes

60
Q

Asexual spores include?

A

conidia, chlamydoconidia, sporangiospores

61
Q

These are large sexual spores enclosed in a thick wall called a zygosporangia.

A

Zygospores

62
Q

This forms when the nuclei of two cells that are morphologically similar to each other fuse.

A

Zygospores

63
Q

This lack mitochondria, don’t have microtubules, and obligate intracellular parasites

A

Microsporidia

64
Q

Causes chronic diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis, most notably in AIDS patients

A

Microsporidia

65
Q

Also known as sac fungi, include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts

A

Ascomycota/ Ascomycetes

66
Q

These sexual spores are produced in a saclike structure called an ascus

A

Ascospores

67
Q

This forms when the nuclei of two cells that can be either morphologically similar or
dissimilar fuse

A

Ascospores

68
Q

Also known as club fungi which possess septate hyphae.

A

.Basidiomycota/ Basidiomycetes

69
Q

This is formed externally on a base pedestal and is club-shaped called a basidium.

A

Basidiospores

70
Q

Enumerate the types of teleomorphs.

A

Zygomycota
Microsporidia
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

71
Q

Some ascomycetes (and a few are basidiomycetes) have lost the ability to reproduce sexually

A

Anamorphs

72
Q

Any fungal infection that is generally chronic (long-lasting).

A

Mycosis

73
Q

Enumerate the types of mycosis.

A

Systemic mycoses

Subcutaneous mycoses

Cutaneous mycoses

Superficial mycoses

Opportunistic mycoses

74
Q

A type of mycosis that is deep within the body; not restricted to any particular region of the body but can affect a number of tissues and organs; usually caused by fungi that live in the soil.

A

Systemic mycoses

75
Q

Spores are transmitted by inhalation; these infections typically begin in the lungs and then spread to other body tissues; not contagious from animal to human or from human to human

A

Systemic mycoses

76
Q

An example of Systemic mycoses.

A

histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis

77
Q

Beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil and on vegetation.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

78
Q

Infection occurs by direct implantation of spores or mycelial fragments into a puncture
wound in the skin.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

79
Q

An example of Subcutaneous mycoses.

A

sporotrichosis

80
Q

Fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails

A

Dermatophytes

81
Q

Secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin, a protein found in hair, skin, and
nails

A

Dermatophytes

82
Q

Fungal infection localized in surface epidermal cells and along hair shafts

A

Superficial mycoses

83
Q

Generally harmless in its normal habitat but can become pathogenic in a host who is
seriously debilitated or traumatized

A

Opportunistic mycoses

84
Q

Examples of Opportunistic mycoses

A

Pneumocystis (pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP)

Stachybotrys

Rhizopus and Mucor
(mucormycosis)

Aspergillus (aspergillosis)

Cryptococcus

Penicillium

C. albicans (yeast
infection, or candidiasis)

85
Q

Enumerate the beneficial effects of fungi.

A

Food chain

Symbiosis

Produce foods

Biotechnology

Biological controls of pests

86
Q

What decompose
the hard parts of plants which animals can’t digest?

A

Cellulases

87
Q

What symbiotic fungi help plant roots absorb minerals and water from soil?

A

Mycorrhizae

88
Q

Fungi-farming ants ______ fungi that break down _______ and ______ from plants, providing
glucose that the ants can then digest.

A

cultivate
cellulose
lignin

89
Q

Humans use fungi for food (_________) and to produce foods (bread; _________ ______ – citric acid)
and drugs (alcohol and penicillin; _________ – anticancer drug taxol).

A

mushrooms
Aspergillus niger
Taxomyces

90
Q

What is used to make bread and wine; genetically modified to produce a variety of proteins, including hepatitis B
vaccine?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

91
Q

What is used produce the enzyme cellulase, which is used to remove plant cell walls
to produce a clear fruit juice?

A

Trichoderma

92
Q

What feeds on fungi that destroy
soybeans and other bean crops?

A

Coniothyrium minitans

93
Q

What is foam filled that kill termites hiding inside tree trunks and other hard-to-reach places?

A

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

94
Q

The undesirable effects of fungi include?

A

Spoilage of fruits, grains, and vegetables

Cause diseases on plants

Serious fungal infections

MicroPara Lec (2 decks)

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