Fungi Flashcards
what makes up fungi?
plants and animals which are eukaryotic and multicellular
how does fungi grow? what structure are their cells?
-Grow as filaments called hyphae (2-10μm Ø), Diffuse Collection is called Mycelium
– their cells are long and thread-like and connected end-to-end
Often, when reproductive hyphae are produced, they form a large organized structure called
a sporocarp, or “mushroom”. This is produced solely for the release of spores, and is not the living, growing portion of the fungus
how is fungi characterized?
-via morphology and structures associated with reproduction cycles with many Limitations
– example: Anamorph (asexual) vs. Teleomorph (sexual) usually apply to only Asco- and Basidio- mycota
reproductive methods for fungi
-Spore dispersal (a/s): Often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures, ensuring exit from the reproductive structures as well as traveling through the air over long distances
-Fungi are often alternate reproduction cycles (a/s) based on need and resource availability:
– Asexually: Via spores, old classification, deuteromycota, comprised all species that lack an observable sexual cycle.
-example of a: Mycelial fragmentation: Mycelium separates into pieces and each component forms a new mycelium
– Sexually: via meiosis utilizing both a haploid and diploid stage, mostly combining haploid stage
fungi: domain, movement, wall, characteristics
-Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi
-Non-motile Eukaryotes
-Polysaccharide wall: Chitin
-Absorptive heterotrophs: Enzymes secreted to digest food to be absorbed, Saprophytic, Some parasitic
-Aerobes: Yeasts are facultative
types and morphology of fungi
Types:
-Unicellular: Yeasts
-Multicellular (Mycelial): Mushrooms, Molds (filamentous), Puffballs (inverted spores), Rusts (plant parasites), Smuts (plant parasites)
Morphology:
–Some Dimorphic: Both types of life stages: Mycelial or yeast-like, Often Temperature-dependent
–Macrofungi: Large, fleshy reproductive structures, Majority is filamentous but hidden underground like mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
nutrition of fungi
-Absorptive Chemoheterotrophs: Thalli secrete digestive enzymes
-Saprophytic: Consume dead remnants
-Haustoric: Haustoria(modified hyphae), Symbiotic/Parasitic (Living plants and animals)
-Mostly Aerobic: Facultative Anaerobes (makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent)
Mycetae
kingdom of shrooms
yeast, mold, macrofungus (fleshy)
Phyla of fungi
-need to learn: Ascomycota (sac fungi and yeasts), Zygomycota (bread molds), Basidiomycota (club fungi), Deuteromycota
-the seven phylas: Microsporidia (Deuteromycota), Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota (Zygomycota), Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
fungal filaments
-Hyphae (collection Mycelium)
* Hyaline (moniliaceous): Unpigmented
* Dematiaceous: Pigmented
–Compartmentalization
* Septate: Cell wall separation
* Non-septate (coenocytic): Continuous
complex life cycles of fungi
-Asexual and Sexual
– Sporangia (1n)
– Gametangia(1n)
– Zygotes (2n)
spore types of fungi
-Conidia: End of hyphae
-Blastospores: Produced by budding
-Arthrospores: Produced at hyphae breaks
–Chlamydospores: Resting stage @ end of hyphae
how are fungi classifed?
based on spore formation and septation
divisions/phylum of fungi
-Division Glomeromycota: Class Zygomycota /Subdivision Zygomycotina: Terrestrial, aseptate hyphae, non- motile sporangiospores/zygospores
-Division Ascomycota: Class Ascomycetes, Produce Ascus (Sac): Meiotically produces ascospores, Yeasts
-Division Basidiomycota: Class Basidiomycetes, Septate hyphae, Produce basidium: Meiotically produces basidiospores
general morphology of yeasts, molds, and fleshy fungi
-Yeasts: Non-filamentous, unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding off or remain attached (pseudohypha)
-Molds: Filamentous (form hypha)(possible cross- walls/septa), multicellular, reproduce by spores (sexual or asexual)
-Fleshy Fungi: Multicellular, reproduce by spores (sexual or asexual)
classification based on lab fungi
-Ascomycota (sac fungi): Sexual reproduction (Ascospores within an ascus aka sac), Asexual reproduction (Conidiospores and Blastospores)
-Zygomycota →Glomero: Sexual reproduction: Zygospores forming from fusion of 2 hypha – Asexual reproduction: Sporangiospores
-Basidiomycota (club/fleshy fungi): Sexual reproduction: basidiospores on a basidium (the gills under the cap of a fleshy mushroom, Asexual reproduction: Conidiospores
-Deuteromycota (the unclassifiable “imperfecti”): Sexual reproduction: none known, Asexual reproduction: variable
asexual reproduction
-Filamentous molds:
-Sporangiospores: Sac-based (Sporangia), Stalk (Sporangiophore), Found at ends or sides of hyphae
–Chlamydospores: Thick wall outside hyphae
–Conidiospores/Conidia: Non-sac, @ tips, Arthroconidia (breaking) , Blastoconidia (budding) , Conidiophores (stalks)
sexual reproduction
-Indistinguishable gametes: – + or – labels
-Cycle: Thalli fuse (dikaryon “n + n”), Nuclei fuse (2n), Diploid spores undergo meiosis (Produce + and - spores)
medically important yeasts
name
normal flora?
produce? which contain?
pathogenesis?
-Candida albicans - budding yeast
*Normal flora: Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Urogenital
*Produce pseudohyphae: Chains of budding yeast, Contain Chlamydospores
*Pathogenesis: Thrush (Oral), Vaginitis, Candidiasis (skin)
industrially important yeasts
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Baker’s yeast
*Ascomycete: Forms ascospores within an
ascus
*Vegetative state: Blastoconidia
*Forms colonies ~ bacteria
*Critical in producing: Bread, Wine, Beer
medically important molds
- Rhizopus spp. (uses both asexual and sexual reproduction)
*Fast growing (salt and pepper mold)
*Hyphae (Stolons): Hyaline, Aseptate, Contain Rhizoids
and Sporangiophores
Reps: R. stolonifer (bread mold), R. arrhizus (zygomycosis), R. oryzae (zygomycosis)
medically important molds
-Aspergillus spp. - Conidial Head
*White ring mold
*Hyphae: Hyaline, Septate, Branching (Phialides) vesicle (Primary, Secondary)
– A. fumigatus (aspergillosis/asthma)
– A. soyae (soy fermentation)
– A. oryzae (soy fermentation)
medically important molds
-Penicillium spp. - Conidiophore
*Green mold w/ furrows
*Hyphae: Hyaline, Thin septa, Branching Metulae (Phialides)
– P. notatum (Penicillin)
– P. roquefortii
– P. camembertii
