Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes up fungi?

A

plants and animals which are eukaryotic and multicellular

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2
Q

how does fungi grow? what structure are their cells?

A

-Grow as filaments called hyphae (2-10μm Ø), Diffuse Collection is called Mycelium
– their cells are long and thread-like and connected end-to-end

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3
Q

Often, when reproductive hyphae are produced, they form a large organized structure called

A

a sporocarp, or “mushroom”. This is produced solely for the release of spores, and is not the living, growing portion of the fungus

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4
Q

how is fungi characterized?

A

-via morphology and structures associated with reproduction cycles with many Limitations
– example: Anamorph (asexual) vs. Teleomorph (sexual) usually apply to only Asco- and Basidio- mycota

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5
Q

reproductive methods for fungi

A

-Spore dispersal (a/s): Often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures, ensuring exit from the reproductive structures as well as traveling through the air over long distances
-Fungi are often alternate reproduction cycles (a/s) based on need and resource availability:
– Asexually: Via spores, old classification, deuteromycota, comprised all species that lack an observable sexual cycle.
-example of a: Mycelial fragmentation: Mycelium separates into pieces and each component forms a new mycelium
– Sexually: via meiosis utilizing both a haploid and diploid stage, mostly combining haploid stage

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6
Q

fungi: domain, movement, wall, characteristics

A

-Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi
-Non-motile Eukaryotes
-Polysaccharide wall: Chitin
-Absorptive heterotrophs: Enzymes secreted to digest food to be absorbed, Saprophytic, Some parasitic
-Aerobes: Yeasts are facultative

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7
Q

types and morphology of fungi

A

Types:
-Unicellular: Yeasts
-Multicellular (Mycelial): Mushrooms, Molds (filamentous), Puffballs (inverted spores), Rusts (plant parasites), Smuts (plant parasites)
Morphology:
–Some Dimorphic: Both types of life stages: Mycelial or yeast-like, Often Temperature-dependent
–Macrofungi: Large, fleshy reproductive structures, Majority is filamentous but hidden underground like mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

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8
Q

nutrition of fungi

A

-Absorptive Chemoheterotrophs: Thalli secrete digestive enzymes
-Saprophytic: Consume dead remnants
-Haustoric: Haustoria(modified hyphae), Symbiotic/Parasitic (Living plants and animals)
-Mostly Aerobic: Facultative Anaerobes (makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent)

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9
Q

Mycetae

A

kingdom of shrooms
yeast, mold, macrofungus (fleshy)

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10
Q

Phyla of fungi

A

-need to learn: Ascomycota (sac fungi and yeasts), Zygomycota (bread molds), Basidiomycota (club fungi), Deuteromycota
-the seven phylas: Microsporidia (Deuteromycota), Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota (Zygomycota), Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.

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11
Q

fungal filaments

A

-Hyphae (collection Mycelium)
* Hyaline (moniliaceous): Unpigmented
* Dematiaceous: Pigmented
–Compartmentalization
* Septate: Cell wall separation
* Non-septate (coenocytic): Continuous

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12
Q

complex life cycles of fungi

A

-Asexual and Sexual
– Sporangia (1n)
– Gametangia(1n)
– Zygotes (2n)

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13
Q

spore types of fungi

A

-Conidia: End of hyphae
-Blastospores: Produced by budding
-Arthrospores: Produced at hyphae breaks
–Chlamydospores: Resting stage @ end of hyphae

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14
Q

how are fungi classifed?

A

based on spore formation and septation

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15
Q

divisions/phylum of fungi

A

-Division Glomeromycota: Class Zygomycota /Subdivision Zygomycotina: Terrestrial, aseptate hyphae, non- motile sporangiospores/zygospores
-Division Ascomycota: Class Ascomycetes, Produce Ascus (Sac): Meiotically produces ascospores, Yeasts
-Division Basidiomycota: Class Basidiomycetes, Septate hyphae, Produce basidium: Meiotically produces basidiospores

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16
Q

general morphology of yeasts, molds, and fleshy fungi

A

-Yeasts: Non-filamentous, unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding off or remain attached (pseudohypha)
-Molds: Filamentous (form hypha)(possible cross- walls/septa), multicellular, reproduce by spores (sexual or asexual)
-Fleshy Fungi: Multicellular, reproduce by spores (sexual or asexual)

17
Q

classification based on lab fungi

A

-Ascomycota (sac fungi): Sexual reproduction (Ascospores within an ascus aka sac), Asexual reproduction (Conidiospores and Blastospores)
-Zygomycota →Glomero: Sexual reproduction: Zygospores forming from fusion of 2 hypha – Asexual reproduction: Sporangiospores
-Basidiomycota (club/fleshy fungi): Sexual reproduction: basidiospores on a basidium (the gills under the cap of a fleshy mushroom, Asexual reproduction: Conidiospores
-Deuteromycota (the unclassifiable “imperfecti”): Sexual reproduction: none known, Asexual reproduction: variable

18
Q

asexual reproduction

A

-Filamentous molds:
-Sporangiospores: Sac-based (Sporangia), Stalk (Sporangiophore), Found at ends or sides of hyphae
–Chlamydospores: Thick wall outside hyphae
–Conidiospores/Conidia: Non-sac, @ tips, Arthroconidia (breaking) , Blastoconidia (budding) , Conidiophores (stalks)

19
Q

sexual reproduction

A

-Indistinguishable gametes: – + or – labels
-Cycle: Thalli fuse (dikaryon “n + n”), Nuclei fuse (2n), Diploid spores undergo meiosis (Produce + and - spores)

20
Q

medically important yeasts
name
normal flora?
produce? which contain?
pathogenesis?

A

-Candida albicans - budding yeast
*Normal flora: Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Urogenital
*Produce pseudohyphae: Chains of budding yeast, Contain Chlamydospores
*Pathogenesis: Thrush (Oral), Vaginitis, Candidiasis (skin)

21
Q

industrially important yeasts

A
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Baker’s yeast
    *Ascomycete: Forms ascospores within an
    ascus
    *Vegetative state: Blastoconidia
    *Forms colonies ~ bacteria
    *Critical in producing: Bread, Wine, Beer
22
Q

medically important molds

A
  • Rhizopus spp. (uses both asexual and sexual reproduction)
    *Fast growing (salt and pepper mold)
    *Hyphae (Stolons): Hyaline, Aseptate, Contain Rhizoids
    and Sporangiophores
    Reps: R. stolonifer (bread mold), R. arrhizus (zygomycosis), R. oryzae (zygomycosis)
23
Q

medically important molds

A

-Aspergillus spp. - Conidial Head
*White ring mold
*Hyphae: Hyaline, Septate, Branching (Phialides) vesicle (Primary, Secondary)
– A. fumigatus (aspergillosis/asthma)
– A. soyae (soy fermentation)
– A. oryzae (soy fermentation)

24
Q

medically important molds

A

-Penicillium spp. - Conidiophore
*Green mold w/ furrows
*Hyphae: Hyaline, Thin septa, Branching Metulae (Phialides)
– P. notatum (Penicillin)
– P. roquefortii
– P. camembertii

25
Q

lichens

A

-fungi + algae
-Mutualistic relationship between a nutrient-producing Phycobiont (alga/cyanobacteria) and a desiccation-protecting Mycobiont (fungus)

26
Q

classification of lichens

A

-Lichens usually grow based on the mycobiont filament
-Classified based on their vegetative growth – the Thallus:
–fruticose: growing up like a tuft or multiply branched leafless mini-shrub, or hanging down in strands or tassels.
–foliose: growing in flat, leaf-like lobes that lift up from the surface
–crustose: crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint
– leprose: powdery
– gelatinous: jelly like
– filamentou: stringy or like matted hair
– byssoid: wispy, like teased wool
– Structureless