Bacteria Flashcards
under what domain is bacteria under?
prokaryotes
how is bacteria classified?
-classified by their bacterial wall as -/+ give rise to a few phyla
gram negative proteobacteria:
phylum? classification?
class?
phylum: Proetobacteria
-gram-negative, chemoheterotrophs, many classes (sigma, beta, alpha)
current prokaryotic classification
-domain: archaea (4)
-phyla: NECK
-Crenarchaeota
-Euryarchaeota
-Nanoarcheota
-Korarchaeota
current prokaryotic taxonomy:
Actinobacteria: High G + C
Firmicutes: class: bacilli, clostridia/ low G + C, G+
Tenericutes: class: Mycoplasma, Low G + C, no wall
how is bacteria classified?
-deeply branching
-low G + C content
-high G + C content
-gram-negative Proteobacteria
-other gram-negative bacteria
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is deeply branching? two examples?
deeply branching:
-similar to earliest bacteria: Autotrophic, Live in habitats similar to those thought to exist on early Earth (Hot, Acidic, Anaerobic, High UV)
-Phylum: Aquificae
-Class: Aquifex
-Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus
-Class: Deinococci (very resistant to radiation)
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is phototrophic bacteria and examples?
-autotrophic that contain photosynthetic lamellae
-Classified based on pigments and source of electrons for photosynthesis
-P. + C. : Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria)
-P. Chlorobi + C. Chlorobia (green sulfur bacteria)
-P. + C. Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria)
-P. Proteobacteria:
– C. gamma (purple sulfur bacteria) and alpha (purple nonsulfur bacteria) proteobacteria
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is blue-green bacteria?
gram?
increase in?
reproduces?
take what into what?
transformed?
few?
aka: Cyanobacteria
- G-
-increase in morphology variation
-Binary Fission
-Chlorophyll → Oxygenic
-Transformed early earth atmosphere
-Few N-fixers: Heterocysts
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria:
what is green and purple bacteria?
-Bacteriochlorophyll → Anoxygenic (makes other substances than oxygen)
Green vs. Purple
– Green Sulfur – releases sulfur
– Purple Sulfur– keep sulfur
-Proteobacteria (purple)
examples of low and high G + C
low G + C: (low DNA bases of G and C)
-Phylum: Firmicutes
-Phylum: Tenericutes: Mycoplasma (no cell walls aka pleomorphic, organelle tip)
high G + C:
-Phylum: Actinobacteria
clostridium:
-C. tetani –> Tetanus
– C. perfringens —> diarrhea
– C. botulinum —> weakness of muscles
– C. difficile —> diarrhea
– Veillonella spp –> oral infection
-Gram Positive
-Rod-shaped
-Obligate anaerobes
-Endospore-capable
-Impact: Medical, Industrial, Survival (Harsh conditions, Disinfection)
what is mycoplasma?
-No cell walls: like Pleomorphic which has an organelle tip
-Smallest free-living cells
-Facultative/Obligate anaerobes
-Impact: Medical for Pneumonia + UTIs
M. pneumoniae
what is Listeria monocytogenes? (low G + C)
under low G + C Bacilli
-Hypothermic-resistant: Milk + meat
– Infants + Immunocompromised
B. anthracis
Prokaryotic phyla (14)
Actinobacteria
Aquificae: Class: Aquificae
Bacteroidetes
Chlamydiae
Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Cyanobacteria: Class: Cyanobacteria
Deinococcus-Thermus
Firmicutes: Bacilli/Clostridia
Fusobacteria
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria: Class: alpha, beta, sigma, delta, epsilon
Spirochaetes
Tenericutes: Class: Mycoplasma
low G + C Bacilli
-Lactobacillus spp: Mucosal surfaces, Symbiosis + Microbial antagonism, Food industry
-Streptococcus
-Enterococcus: Pathogenic, MDR
low G + C cocci
-Streptococcus
-Enterococcus: Pathogenic, MDR
-Staphylococcus aureus: Skincolonizing, Opportunistic
high G + C bacteria:
-P. Actinobacterium: Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Actinomycetes (Actinomyces, Norcardia, Streptomyces)
Corynebacterium: high G + C
-shape?
-respire?
replication?
characteristic?
rep?
-Pleomorphic (variation of size, shape or nuclei)
-Facultative anaerobes/Aerobes
-Snapping division: Palisades
-Phosphate inclusions: Metachromatic granules
-Reps: C.diphtheriae
Mycobacterium: high G + C
structure?
growth?
reps?
-Rod-shaped (slight curvature)
-Aerobic
-Slow-growth: Cell wall has Mycolic acid, Desiccation resistant and stain-resistant (Acid-fast stain)
-Reps: M.tuberculosis, M.leprae (Unculturable)
Actinomycetes:
ANS
-Filamentous
-Spore-forming: Non-reproductive
-Classes:
Actinomyces (Non-spore forming, Facultative anaerobe, A. israelii)
-Nocardia (Water/Soil aerobes, Biodegraders)
– Streptomyces (Ecological impact: Cellulose, latex, PCBs, pesticides)
-Medical generators (CAM, ERY, TET)
gram-negative proteobacteria:
-Largest and most diverse group of bacteria
-Gram-Negative
-Chemoheterotrophs
-Classes: αβγδε
-nitrogen fixers, purple non-sulfur
alphaproteobacteria:
-low nutrient survivors
-Many have prosthecae: Attachment, Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
-Industrial Application
alphaproteobacteria: nitrogen fixers (4)
– Growth associated with plant roots
– N2→NH3 (fixed)
-Azospirillum
-Rhizobium
