Fungi Flashcards
Fungi is a ______ group which consists of (3)_____. It is a very widespread group found in the (3)____. This large group exhibits a diverse morphology, characteristics, and behavior which may reflect its diverse significance and application to different fields.
monophyletic, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, air, dust, fomite
Fungi play a significant role in the ecosystem _______. Some fungal species exhibit beneficial relationships with other organisms and to the system per se.
equilibrium
Fungi are crucial role in the food web and in the ecosystem equilibrium. Since they are predominantly _____, they are one of the major contributors to nutrient cycling. Some species under Ascomycota (i.e. Chaetomium), Deuteromycota (i.e Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus), Chytridiomycota (Chytridium), and Basidiomycota (Fomitopsis) can breakdown of complex organic matter from plants and animals such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipid, and proteins into ____ forms (Kendrick, 2011).
The degradation of these complex and insoluble organic sources liberates _____ and nutrients such as ______, and ______, and allows its ______ at the soil-litter interface (Boberg et al., 2014; Frey et al., 2003).
saprophytes, reusable, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), translocation,
Studies also showed a direct correlation of the fungal mass with the _____ ____ of C and N which _____ soil organic matter and nutrients. The regulation of organic matter decomposition and transformation by these fungal species contributes to ___ ___ ___ ______ which can promote plant growth. With this, disturbance on the ecosystem, pollution, and change in the environment may pose negative implications on the decomposition rate by the fungal species present (Frey et al., 2003).
bidirectional influx, stabilizes, soil quality and fertility
Fungi have established _______ relationship among a wide range of organism such as bacteria (cyanobacteria), protist (chlorophyta), bryophytes, plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms), and insects (coleopterans, dipterans, and homopterans) (Kendrick, 2011). This symbiotic relationship does not only benefit the interacting organisms but has also an implication with the ecosystem and environment.
mutualistic
Fungi have established _______ relationship among a wide range of organism such as bacteria (cyanobacteria), protist (chlorophyta), bryophytes, plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms), and insects (coleopterans, dipterans, and homopterans) (Kendrick, 2011). This symbiotic relationship does not only benefit the interacting organisms but has also an implication with the ecosystem and environment.
The following are the mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and other organisms: (3)
Mycorrhizal Relationship, Lichens, Fungus and Animal Mutualism
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi:
This is the establishment of symbiosis between fungi and the plant root where the former provides energy source (carbohydrates) to the fungi for metabolic processes while the latter channels water and nutrients from the soil with their extensive hyphal network.
Mycorrhizal Relationship
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi: Mycorrhizal Relationship
This is the establishment of symbiosis between fungi and the ____ ___ where the former provides ______ (____) to the fungi for _____ processes while the latter channels ____ ____ ____ from the soil with their extensive hyphal network.
In some species (i.e. Aspergillus spp.) can bioaccumulate heavy metal and act as bio-indicator for heavy metal pollution (Iram et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2008). There are two types of this mycorrizal relationship based on the location of the fungal hyphae extensions: (2)
plant root, energy source (carbohydrates), metabolic, water and nutrients, Ectomycorrhizae, Endomycorrhizae
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi: Mycorrhizal Relationship
This type, ______, refers to…the fungal hyphae form a sheath called ____ that envelops the it, and it extends (called ____ network) into the root vascular cylinder through the intercellular spaces (see Figure 3).
Examples of which are some members of (AB) Ascomycota (i.e. Peziza michelii) and Basidiomycota (i.e. Amanita sp., Piloderma croceum) (Martin et al. 2016).
Ectomycorrhizae, mantle, Hartig
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi: Mycorrhizal Relationship
This type, ______, refers to…The fungal hyphae penetrate the ____ ___ to form ____ where the ____ _____ between the fungi and plant occurs. In addition to increase the nutrient and water absorption of the plant, arbuscular mycorrhizae can increase the _____ of host plant to abiotic stress by triggering the ___ ___ ___ mechanism of plant to ameliorate its negative impacts (Hashem et al., 2018).
Species belonging to Glomeromycota (i.e Glomus mosseae) exhibits this characteristic (Helgason & Fitter, 2009).
Endomycorrhizae, root cells, arbuscules, metabolic exchange, tolerance, antioxidant and osmolyte,
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi:
______ is the mutualistic association between a fungal species and a ____ algae or ____ which clings onto rocks, trees, and other surfaces not normally habitable by other organisms. The ____ provides anchorage, protection, and it promotes dissolution and chelation of ____ nutrients needed by the ____. On the other hand, the phototropic partner provides ____ for the fungus since it cannot produce its own. Some species of the phototropic partner can fix _____ such as Nostoc and Anabaena (Madigan et al., 2012).
Lichen, photosynthetic, cyanobacteria, mycobiont, inorganic, phycobiont, food, nitrogen
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi:
Lichens are sensitive to ____ pollution such as the presence of ____ ____ due to absence of ___ ____ ____which makes pollutants ___ absorbed unto the surface of the organism. This implies its significance as a ____ on the atmospheric quality which garnered the name “___ ____ ___” (Conti & Cecchetti, 2001). The level of atmospheric pollution may directly affect the composition of lichen communities which can be helpful in the control of environmental contamination.
atmospheric, sulfur dioxide, cuticle or stomata, easily, bioindicator, permanent control systems
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi:
____ _____ ____ ____. Some Arthropods establish association with fungi for protection from predators and pathogens. In exchange, they provide nutrients, and mode of dispersal to fungal spores (Rye et al., 2020). For instance, the association between Basidiomycete species and scale insects and fungi farming of leaf-cutting ants as their food.
Fungus and Animal Mutualism
mutualistic symbiosis of fungi: Fungus and Animal Mutualism
_____ ____. Being a pathogenic fungus may not be all negative since it may balance population in an ecosystem. For instance, animal-infecting fungi may reduce the population of ____ that may pose damage and disease to other organisms. The specificity of such fungi can only attack insects (_____ _____) but are harmless to other plants and animals. An example is the Beauveria bassiana which was studied for its potential as control for the spread of emerald ash borer (Fowler et al., 2013).
Biological Control, pests, entomopathogenic fungi
With the diversity of fungal species, there is also a significant diversity in its economic application and value. Some are beneficial which promotes a source of living to society while some may cause debilitating effects to agriculture and other fields. Examples are: (4)
Industry, agriculture, medicine, infrastructure and textile
Fungi Economic Application: ____
Oyster mushroom culture (Pleurotus sp.) is a booming industry at present for its sustainability and relatively lower capital requirement. This has become one of the sources of living of some small-business owners, especially in the rural area. Another impact of fungi to agriculture is the establishment of mycorrhizae in plant roots not only significantly promotes the nutrient absorption of plants but also improves the soil quality.
Agriculture
Fungi Economic Application: ____
Although fungi proved to exhibit many benefits in the economy, many of its species are pathogens of plants and animals. It infects all parts and stages of crops like apical buds, root hairs, seed, grain, seedling, and fruit. Examples are Phytophthora infestans which causes potato blight, Pythium debaryanum can cause seedling dampening, Aspergillus niger causes black rot in fruits and Aspergillus flavus for grain green rot. Infestation during planting and post-harvesting period lead to huge losses to farmers and may affect the supply of crops in the market. Farmers combat these infestations by using fungicide, breeding resistant varieties, and development of biological control techniques (Bryce, 2001; Hussin, 2018).
Agriculture
Fungi Economic Application: ____
Pathogenic and opportunistic fungi can also affect animals. Dermatophytes parasitizes the skin, hair, and nails of animals. Others like Saprolegnia parasitica parasitizes fish eggs and gills (Hussin, 2018). In some cases, fungal infection in animals can be transmitted to humans such as ringworm (Bryce, 2001). Such damages caused by infecting livestock can also affect the economy, meat and poultry supply, as well as loss to business owners.
Agriculture
Fungi Economic Application: ____
Fungi is well known for its use in antibiotic production with the accidental discovery of Alexander Fleming to Penicillin from Penicillium notatum (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2020). At present, there are now various sources of a wide variety of antibiotics with different mode of actions such as the bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor Fucidin from Fusidium coccineum. Other medicinal drugs isolated from fungi are cyclosporin from Tolypocladium inflatum which acts as a immunosuppressant to selectively suppress T-cell, lovastatin from Aspergillus terreus which can lower blood cholesterol. Micronutrients such as Vitamin A, B- 12, and B-complex were also found in some fungal species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Eremothecium ashbyii while steroid like cortisone which can control diseases like allergy and rheumatic arthritis can be produced from Aspergillus niger through fermentation. In addition, alkaloid species, which are considered mycotoxin, emitted by Aspergillus fumigatus are utilized for its function in uterine action (Bryce, 2001; Hussin, 2018; Panaccione & Coyle, 2005).
Medicine
Fungi Economic Application: _____
Fungi can easily thrive in moist places. This means clothes, expensive textiles such as silk and wool are not safe from fungal damages due to the enzyme cellulase that can degrade the cloth fibers (Bryce, 2001). The same is true for paper and wood products. The culprit for such damages are mostly species belonging to Ascomycota. Buildings and establishments often damp or water-damaged are prone to mold growth such as Stachybotrys chartarum (Hussin, 2018). Such damages can also render considerable loss to business and building owners.
infrastructure and textile
Characteristics of Mykes/Fundi:
-eukaryote/prokaryote ____
-food processing: ____
-cell walls containing _____ for rigidity and support
-cytoplasmic membrane contains ____ where the site of action of antifungal drugs, amphotericin B, azole groups
-____ nuclei, _____ chromosomes
-include mi___ and ER___
-reproduce ____
-uni/multi
-most are ____/___ aerobe
-eukaryotic protista
-heterotrophic
-chitin
-ergosterol
-true, paired
-mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
-asexually, sexually, and both
-unicellular or multicellular
-obligate, facultative
Fungi absorb nutrients from food source, living or dead, by secreting ____ _____ ____ : (6)
hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes, PCXLAP: Protease, Cellulase, Xylanase, Lipase, Amylase, Phytase
These are its chitinous tubular cell walls that enclose the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the cells. It strengthens the cell walls and enhances absorption of nutrients from the surroundings
hyphae
These are the interwoven mass of fungal hyphae that infiltrates the food source, making a very efficient feeding by increasing the sirface-to-volume ration
mycelium
These are the interwoven mass of fungal hyphae that infiltrates the food source, making a very efficient feeding by increasing the sirface-to-volume ration
mycelium
