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Oral Microbiology > Fungal Infections > Flashcards

Fungal Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Opportunistic blooms of Candida can occur, which results in _____________ - usually results from _________ in normal host __________ and or lack of _______ normal flora

A

Candidiasis
defects
defenses
competitive

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2
Q

2 situations where you will see lack of competitive normal flora

A
  1. antibiotics treatment, some estrogen treatments

2. immunosuppressive therapies or immunosuppressive diseases

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3
Q

Organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter

A

saprobes

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4
Q

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. T/F

A

True

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5
Q

What makes our cells different from fungi cells?

A

Fungi cell membranes have an addition of ergosterol and zymosterol instead of cholesterol which is in humans

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6
Q

Antifungal medication attacks fungi where?

Examples of these medications?

A

cell membrane
azoles inhibit ergosterol synthesis and polyenes form pores
The glucan cell wall is also a target

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7
Q

What is the fungi cell wall made up of?

A

a multilayer rigid cell wall made up of mainly cross-linked glucans

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8
Q

Why are there few effective antifungal treatments?

A

mainly bc fungal cells like mammalian cells are eukaryotic so it is difficult to make medications that wont harm human cells but will harm fungal cells

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9
Q

What are the 2 morphologies of fungi?

A
  1. yeasts ( single cells)

2. hyphae or filamentous (multinucleated branched, mold like)

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10
Q

The collective term for a mass of hyphae?

A

mycelium ( aka mold)

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11
Q

What is the term for the morphology of fungi that means they can exist in both a filamentous (hyphae) or yeast morphology depending on conditions?

A

dimorphic

since candida can be in 3 forms, yeast, hyphae, and pseudohyphae = polymorphic

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12
Q

What is the morphology of fungi (specifically Candida) where the cells are elongated and linked like sausages?

A

pseudohyphae

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13
Q

______ cannot fight a fungal infection, but these 2 forms of defense can__________ and _________

A

Antibodies
Innate defenses (functioning epithelium is primary barrier)
cellular Immunity

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14
Q

What is the fungi cell wall made up of? ( and type of linkages)
Is the Cell wall thin or thick?

A

Beta-1,4 N-AGM (Chitin)

Very thick -> 90% of dry weight

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15
Q

What is the fungi binding structure?

A

Lectin

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16
Q

how does the fungi get “food”?

A

Fungi contain enzymes that degrade extracellular organic material into small substrate for fungal growth.

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17
Q

The fungal plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids, which ones specifically? (5)

A
  1. Phosphatidyl - choline
  2. Phosphatidyl - ethanolamine
  3. Phosphatidyl - serine
  4. Phosphatidyl - inositol
  5. Phosphatidyl - glycerol
18
Q

Fluconazole is what?

A

An antifungal medication that targets ergosterol

19
Q

What 4 things contribule to host (human) resistance to a fungal infection?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. pH
  3. epithelial cell turnover
  4. normal bacteria flora
20
Q

What is a rare fungal pathology that releases various toxins?

A

Mycotoxicoses

21
Q

Commmon fungal pathology that causes hay fever, asthma, and contact dermatitis?

A

Hypersensitivities
Type 1 (IgE) -> hayfever/asthma
Type 4 - (cell mediate) -> contact dermatitis

22
Q

Which fungal pathology is common and causes no immune response?

A

Superficial Mycoses - found on the outermost skin layers/hair

23
Q

Which fungal pathology refers to tinea… of the skin & nails? Give 5 examples using tinea

A

Cutaneous Mycoses

  1. Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
  2. Tinea capitis ( scalp ringworm)
  3. Tinea corporis ( body ringworm)
  4. Tinea cruris (jock itch)
  5. Tinea unguium (nail fungus)
24
Q

3 species of cutaneous mycoses caused by dermatophytes

A
  1. Trichophyton
  2. Micosporum
  3. Epidermophyton
25
Q

A very rare fungal pathology that deals with fungi/spores into dirty wounds (think joplin tornado)

A

Subcutaneous Mycoses - serious!

26
Q

Which fungal infection primary involves inhaled spores? What does this cause?

A

Systemic Mycoses “rarish”

Causes lung infections similar to TB ( Geographically dependant like AZ has valley fever)

27
Q

What fungal pathology affects the immunocompromised?

List 4 examples and what they cause, in order of most common to most rare

A

Opportunistic Mycoses

  1. Candidiasis - oral(thrush) and vaginal (yeast infections)
  2. Cryptococcus - from bird droppings -> lung infections
  3. Aspergillosis -soil -> lung infections
  4. Pneumocystis - yeast like fungus -> lung infection (AIDS patients)
28
Q

When are opportunistic mycoses a concern? 8 reasons

A

Only cause serious disease under unusual circumstances -> mostly involving host debilitation.

  1. AIDS
  2. immunosuppressive therapies ( for cancer/ transplantations)
  3. frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  4. Endocrine imbalance (birth control, diabetes)
  5. Oral devices / catheters
  6. Defects in T cells and or phagocytic cells
  7. Infants
  8. Elderly
29
Q

Most common Candida involved in candidiasis?

A

C. albicans - In 80% of individuals -> part of normal flora

30
Q

The development of oral _______ in previously healthy adults not receiving _________ therapy or ________ therapy should strongly alert the clinician to consider serious ___________ conditions such as _______

A 
Candidiasis
corticosteroid
broad-spectrum antibiotic
immuno-compromising
HIV
31
Q

If Candida is usually part of our normal flora, what protects us from fungal infections? (5)

A
  1. our high level of innate immunity to fungal disease -> but if it fails… candida = classic opportunist
  2. fatty acid content
  3. pH
  4. epithelial turnover
  5. normal competitive bacteria flora
32
Q

Steps of adaptive immunity response to candidiasis (5)

A
  1. Ags presented on epithelial APCs to Th
  2. Th produce cytokines
  3. Cytokines signal epithelium to hyperproligerate
  4. Capillaries respond to inflammation signal and open
  5. PMNs arrive and attack
33
Q

As a result of a fungal infection, what is made up of PMNs, dead PMNs, fibrin, and fungal cells. It can be easily wiped off but reveals a raw erythematous sometimes bleeding base

A

loosely adherent pseudomembrane

34
Q

What type of APCs are used in fungal infections?

A

Langerhans Cells

35
Q

Primary oral candidiasis that is white, cottage cheese like in appearance, is seen more in the elderly then in infants, and is associated with terminal illness, diabetes, and Leukemia.

A

Acute Pseudomemranous

36
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary oral candidiasis?

A

Primary -> localized infection present only on the oral and surrounding tissues.
Secondary -> infection of oral tissues that are associated with other candidial infections at other mucosal and cutaneous sites

37
Q

What are the 2 types of Erythematous (primary oral candidiasis)?

A
  1. Acute Atrophic - post antibiotic sore mouth

2. Chronic Atrophic - “denture mouth”

38
Q

When are secondary oral candidiasis infections seen?

A

with rare disorders, generalized immunosuppression (AIDS)

Systemic mucocutaneous candidal infections

39
Q

Type of primary oral candidiasis which increases keratin (which can increase malignant transformation) and can cause leukoplakia

A

Chronic Hyperplastic “new bioniche”

40
Q

Which primary oral candidiasis is due to a immune defect ( localized, familial, syndrome)?

A

Chronic Mucocutaneous

Oral Microbiology (2 decks)

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